1. Technician Licensing Class
T 8 A - T 8 D
Valid July 1, 2014
Through
June 30, 2018 1 1

2. T 8 A Single sideband (SSB) is a form of amplitude modulation. T8A01
The most common type of modulation used for VHF packet radio transmission is FM. T8A02 2

3. T 8 A
SSB (single sideband) is the voice mode most often used for long-distance (weak signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands. T8A03
Frequency modulation (FM)
us most commonly used for
VHF and UHF repeaters. T8A04 3

4. T 8 A
The type of emission that has the narrowest bandwidth is CW. T8A05
Upper sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF single-sideband communications. as our communications mode. T8A06 4

5. T 8 A
The primary advantage of single sideband over FM for voice transmissions is SSB signals have narrower bandwidth. T8A07 5

6. T 8 A
3 kHz is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband voice signal. T8A08 6

7. T 8 A
The approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FM phone signal is between 10 and 15 kHz. T8A09
The typical bandwidth of
an analog fast-scan TV
transmission on the 70 cm
band is about 6 MHz. T8A10
150 Hz is the approximate
maximum bandwidth
required to transmit
a CQ signal. T8A11 7

8. T 8 B
Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station. T8B01
The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contact is the amount of power that should be used on the uplink frequency of an amateur satellite or space station. T8B02 8

9. T 8 B The following are provided by satellite tracking programs:
Maps showing the real-time position of the satellite track over the earth;
The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, maximum altitude, and the end of a pass;
The apparent frequency of the satellite transmission, including effects of Doppler shift.
All of these answers are correct. T8B03 9

10. T 8 B
Any amateur holding Technician Class license or higher, may make contact with an amateur station on the International Space Station using 2 meter and 70 cm band amateur radio frequencies. T8B04
A Satellite beacon is a transmission from a space station that contains information about a satellite. T8B05 10

11. T 8 B
Keplerian elements are inputs to a satellite tracking program. T8B06
Computer programs and websites can show you where and when an amateur satellite or the Space Station will be in range of your ham station. 11

12. T 8 B
With regard to satellite communications, an observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station is called Doppler shift. T8B07 12
Doppler Effect

13. T 8 B
When a satellite is operating in mode U/V it means the satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band. T8B08
Rotation of the satellite and its antennas cause spin fading when referring to a satellite’s signals.T8B09
Frequency Bands Frequency Range Modes
High Frequency MHz Mode H
VHF MHz Mode V
UHF MHz Mode U
L band GHz Mode L
S band GHz Mode S
C band GHz Mode C
X band GHz Mode X
K band 24 Ghz Mode K 13

14. T 8 B
The initials LEO tell you that the satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit. T8B10
FM packet is a commonly used method of sending signals to and from a digital satellite. T8B11 14

15. T 8 C
To locate sources of noise interference or jamming, use radio direction finding equipment. T8C01
A directional antenna would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt. T8C02 15

16. T 8 C
A popular operating activity that involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period of time is called contesting. T8C03
When contacting another station in a radio contest a good procedure is to send only the minimum information needed for the proper identification and the contest exchange. T8C04
A Grid locator is a letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location. T8C05 16

17. T 8 C Access to an IRLP node is accomplished by using
DTMF signals. T8C06
The maximum power allowed for controlling your model aircraft on the ham radio is 1 watt. T8C07
On-air station ID for radio control model using amateur frequencies require a label with:
Licensee’s name
Call Sign and address
Affixed to the transmitter T8C08 17

18. T 8 C
You might obtain a list of active nodes that use VoIP from a repeater directory. T8C09
Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP node ID to select a specific IRLP node when using a portable transceiver. T8C10
A gateway is the name
given to an amateur radio
station that is used to
connect other amateur
stations to the Internet. T8C11 18

19. T 8 C
VoIP as used in amateur radio is a method of delivering voice communications over the Internet using digital techniques. T8C12
The Internet Radio Linking
Project (IRLP) is a technique
to connect amateur radio
systems, such as repeaters,
via the Internet using Voice
Over Internet Protocol. T8C13 19

20. T 8 D The following are examples of a digital communications method:
Packet;
PSK31;
MFSK;
All of these choices are correct. T8D01 20

21. T 8 D The term “APRS” means Automatic Packet Reporting System. T8D02
A Global Positioning System receiver provides data to the transmitter when sending automatic position reports from a mobile amateur radio station. T8D03 21

22. T 8 D
An analog fast scan color TV signal is the type of transmission indicated by the term NTSC. T8D04
An application of APRS (Automatic
Packet Reporting System) is that it
provides real time tactical digital
communications in conjunction with
a map showing the locations of stations.
T8D05
The abbreviation PSK means Phase Shift Keying. T8D06
PSK31 is a low-rate data transmission mode. T8D07 22

23. T 8 D The following may be included in packet transmissions:
A checksum which permits error detection;
A header which contains the call sign of the station to which the information is being sent;
Automatic repeat request in case of error;
All of these choices are correct. T8D08
International Morse code is the code used when sending CW in the amateur bands. T8D09 23

24. T 8 D
The following devices can be used to transmit CW in the amateur bands:
Straight Key;
Electronic keyer;
Computer keyboard;
All of these choices are correct. T8D10 24

25. T 8 D
An ARQ transmission system is a digital scheme whereby the receiving station detects errors and sends a request to the sending station to retransmit the information. T8D11 25

26. Element 2 Technician Class Question Pool
T 8 A – T 8 D
Valid July 1, 2014
Through
June 30, 2018 26

27. T8A01 Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?
Spread-spectrum
Packet radio
Single sideband
Phase shift keying 27

28. T8A02. What type of modulation is most commonly. used
T8A02 What type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF packet radio transmissions? FM
SSB AM
Spread Spectrum 28

29. T8A03. Which type of voice mode is most often used for
T8A03 Which type of voice mode is most often used for long-distance (weak signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands ? FM
DRM
SSB PM 29

30. T8A04. Which type of modulation is most commonly
T8A04 Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF and UHF voice repeaters? AM
SSB
PSK FM 30

31. T8A05. Which of the following types of emission has the
T8A05 Which of the following types of emission has the narrowest bandwidth?
FM voice
SSB voice CW
Slow-scan TV 31

32. T8A06. Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter
T8A06 Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF single-sideband communications?
Upper sideband
Lower sideband
Suppressed sideband
Inverted sideband 32

33. T8A07. What is the primary advantage of single sideband
T8A07 What is the primary advantage of single sideband over FM for voice transmissions?
SSB signals are easier to tune
SSB signals are less susceptible to interference
SSB signals have narrower bandwidth
All of these choices are correct 33

34. T8A08. What is the approximate bandwidth of a single
T8A08 What is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband voice signal?
1 kHz
3 kHz
6 kHz
15 kHz 34

35. T8A09. What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF
T8A09 What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FM phone signal?
Less than 500 Hz
About 150 kHz
Between 10 and 15 kHz
Between 50 and 125 kHz 35

36. T8A10. What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-scan
T8A10 What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-scan TV transmissions on the 70 cm band ?
More than 10 MHz
About 6 MHz
About 3 MHz
About 1 MHz 36

37. T8A11. What is the approximate maximum bandwidth
T8A11 What is the approximate maximum bandwidth required to transmit a CW signal?
2.4 kHz
150 Hz
1000 Hz
15 kHz 37

38. T8B01. Who may be the control operator of a station
T8B01 Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station?
Only an Amateur Extra Class operator
A General Class licensee or higher licensee who has a satellite operator certification
Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT member
Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency 38

39. T8B02. How much transmitter power should be used on
T8B02 How much transmitter power should be used on the uplink frequency of an amateur satellite or space station?
The maximum power of your transmitter
The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contact
No more than half the rating of your linear amplifier
Never more than 1 watt 39

40. T8B03. Which of the following are provided by
T8B03 Which of the following are provided by satellite tracking programs?
Maps showing the real-time position of the satellite track over the earth
The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, maximum altitude, and end of a pass
The apparent frequency of the satellite transmission, including effects of Doppler shift
All of these choices are correct 40

41. T8B04. Which amateur stations may make contact with an
T8B04 Which amateur stations may make contact with an amateur station on the International Space Station using 2 meter and 70 cm band amateur radio frequencies?
Only members of amateur radio clubs at NASA facilities
Any amateur holding a Technician or higher class license
Only the astronaut's family members who are hams
You cannot talk to the ISS on amateur radio frequencies 41

42. T8B05 What is a satellite beacon?
The primary transmit antenna on the satellite
An indicator light that that shows where to point your antenna
A reflective surface on the satellite
A transmission from a space station that contains information about a satellite 42

43. T8B06. Which of the following are inputs to a satellite
T8B06 Which of the following are inputs to a satellite tracking program?
The weight of the satellite
The Keplerian elements
The last observed time of zero Doppler Shift
All of these answers are correct 43

44. T8B07 With regard to satellite communications, what is Doppler shift?
A change in the satellite orbit
A mode where the satellite receives signals on one band and transmits on another
An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station
A special digital communications mode for some satellites 44

45. T8B08. What is meant by the statement that a. satellite is
T8B08 What is meant by the statement that a satellite is operating in mode U/V?
The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band and the downlink is in the 10 meter band
The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band
The satellite operates using ultraviolet frequencies
The satellite frequencies are usually variable 45

46. T8B09 What causes spin fading when referring to satellite signals?
Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the sun
Rotation of the satellite and its antennas
Doppler shift of the received signal
Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band 46

47. T8B10 What do the initials LEO tell you about an amateur satellite?
The satellite battery is in Low Energy Operation mode
The satellite is performing a Lunar Ejection Orbit maneuver
The satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit
The satellite uses Light Emitting Optics 47

48. T8B11. What is a commonly used method of sending
T8B11 What is a commonly used method of sending signals to and from a digital satellite?
USB AFSK
PSK31
FM Packet
WSJT 48

49. T8C01. Which of the following methods is used to locate
T8C01 Which of the following methods is used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming?
Echolocation
Doppler radar
Radio direction finding
Phase locking 49

50. T8C02. Which of these items would be useful for a
T8C02 Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?
Calibrated SWR meter
A directional antenna
A calibrated noise bridge
All of these choices are correct 50

51. T8C03. What popular operating activity involves
T8C03 What popular operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period of time?
Contesting
Net operations
Public service events
Simulated emergency exercises 51

52. T8C04. Which of the following is good procedure when
T8C04 Which of the following is good procedure when contacting another station in a radio contest?
Be sure to sign only the last two letters of your call if there is a pileup calling the station
Work the station twice to be sure that you are in his log
Send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange
All of these choices are correct 52

53. T8C05 What is a grid locator?
A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location
A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevation
An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifier
An instrument for radio direction finding 53

54. T8C06 How is access to an IRLP node accomplished?
By obtaining a password which is sent via voice to the node
By using DTMF signals
By entering the proper Internet password
By using CTCSS tone codes 54

55. T8C07. What is the maximum power allowed when
T8C07 What is the maximum power allowed when transmitting telecommand signals to radio controlled models?
500 milliwatts
1 watt
25 watts
1500 watts 55

56. T8C08. What is required in place of on-air station
T8C08 What is required in place of on-air station identification when sending signals to a radio control model using amateur frequencies?
Voice identification must be transmitted every 10 minutes
Morse code ID must be sent once per hour
A label indicating the licensee's name, call sign and address must be affixed to the transmitter
A flag must be affixed to the transmitter antenna with the station call sign in 1 inch high letters or larger 56

57. T8C09 How might you obtain a list of active nodes that use VoIP?
From the FCC Rulebook
From your local emergency coordinator
From a repeater directory
From the local repeater frequency coordinator 57

58. T8C10. How do you select a specific IRLP node when
T8C10 How do you select a specific IRLP node when using a portable transceiver?
Choose a specific CTCSS tone
Choose the correct DSC tone
Access the repeater autopatch
Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP node ID 58

59. T8C11. What name is given to an amateur radio station
T8C11 What name is given to an amateur radio station that is used to connect other amateur stations to the Internet?
A gateway
A repeater
A digipeater
A beacon 59

60. T8C12. What is meant by Voice Over Internet Protocol
T8C12 What is meant by Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as used in amateur radio?
A set of rules specifying how to identify your station when linked over the Internet to another station
A set of guidelines for working DX during contests using Internet access
A technique for measuring the modulation quality of a transmitter using remote sites monitored via the Internet
A method of delivering voice communications over the Internet using digital techniques 60

61. T8C13 What is the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)?
A technique to connect amateur radio systems, such as repeaters, via the Internet using Voice Over Internet Protocol
A system for providing access to websites via amateur radio
A system for informing amateurs in real time of the frequency of active DX stations
A technique for measuring signal strength of an amateur transmitter via the Internet 61

62. T8D01. Which of the following is an example of a digital
T8D01 Which of the following is an example of a digital communications method?
Packet
PSK31
MFSK
All of these choices are correct 62

63. T8D02 What does the term “APRS” mean?
Automatic Packet Reporting System
Associated Public Radio Station
Auto Planning Radio Set-up
Advanced Polar Radio System 63

64. T8D03. Which of the following provides data to the
T8D03 Which of the following provides data to the transmitter when sending automatic position reports from a mobile amateur radio station?
The vehicle speedometer
A WWV receiver
A connection to a broadcast FM sub-carrier receiver
A Global Positioning System receiver 64

65. T8D04 What type of transmission is indicated by the term NTSC?
A Normal Transmission mode in Static Circuit
A special mode for earth satellite uplink
An analog fast scan color TV signal
A frame compression scheme for TV signals 65

66. T8D05. Which of the following is an application of APRS
T8D05 Which of the following is an application of APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System)?
Providing real time tactical digital communications in conjunction with a map showing the locations of stations
Showing automatically the number of packets transmitted via PACTOR during a specific time interval
Providing voice over Internet connection between repeaters
Providing information on the number of stations signed into a repeater 66

67. T8D06 What does the abbreviation PSK mean?
Pulse Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Packet Short Keying
Phased Slide Keying 67

68. T8D07 What is PSK31? A high-rate data transmission mode
A method of reducing noise interference to FM signals
A method of compressing digital television signal
A low-rate data transmission mode 68

69. T8D08 Which of the following may be included in packet transmissions?
A check sum which permits error detection
A header which contains the call sign of the station to which the information is being sent
Automatic repeat request in case of error
All of these choices are correct 69

70. T8D09 What code is used when sending CW in the amateur bands?
Baudot
Hamming
International Morse
Gray 70

71. T8D10. Which of the following can be used to transmit
T8D10 Which of the following can be used to transmit CW in the amateur bands?
Straight Key
Electronic Keyer
Computer Keyboard
All of these choices are correct 71

72. T8D11 What is an ARQ transmission system?
A special transmission format limited to video signals
A system used to encrypt command signals to an amateur radio satellite
A digital scheme whereby the receiving station detects errors and sends a request to the sending station to retransmit the information
A method of compressing the data in a message so more information can be sent in a shorter time 72