1. A New Tropopause Definition for Use in Chemistry-Transport Models
Jessica L. Neu, Michael J. Prather, Xin Zhu

2. Logan, 1999
Heggelin et al., 2009
Chemistry-transport models are tools that can help us understand what drives the chemical composition and variability of the UTLS

3. However, it is difficult to compare coarse-resolution models to high-resolution data, and standard tropopause definitions can be problematic
Considine, et al. 2008

4. Dynamical Tropopause:
Thermal Tropopause:
Works well in the tropics, but not the extratropics
1-D, poor spatial structure
Most models can not resolve the observed sharpness of the lapse rate
Dynamical Tropopause:
Works well in the extratropics, is often replaced by potential T in the tropics
Requires horizontal and vertical derivatives, which can be noisy in coarse-resolution models
Ozone Tropopause:
Is easy to define, and works well for many situations
Can not diagnose what drives large observed variations at the tropopause

5. There are large inter-model differences in UTLS O3, and it is important for radiative forcing
TES Ozone, Aug 2006
Adetutu Agedho,paper in prep
AM2-Chem
ECHAM5-MOZ
GISS-PUCCINI
CAM-CHEM

6. UCI CTM now uses ‘E90’ tracer to define tropopause
Uniform surface emissions, 90-day e-fold everywhere.
Global mean mixing ratio = 100 ppb
Define the tropopause mixing ratio such that the tropopsphere contains 83% of the mass of the atmosphere on average(from climatology)
E90:
-Identifies tropopause as a mixing barrier
-Is 3-D and instantaneous
-Does not require calculating derivatives
-Has a single definition in tropics and extratropics
E90 Allows us to:
compare with tropopause observations
understand seasonality of O3 at the tropopause.
Diagnose mixing vs chemistry

7. UCI CTM T42 L40 ECMWF IFS forecast fields
Instantaneous E90 at Lon=180, 0Z April 1, 2000
Corresponding O3 mixing ratios
White = E90 Tropopause (110 ppb)
Black = O3 Tropopause (110 ppb)
Red = PV Tropopause (2 PVU)
Orange = Thermal Tropopause (2 K/km)

8. Zonal Mean Structure, Instantaneous Tropopause Pressures
The E90 tropopause is highly correlated with the dynamical tropopause (2 PVU)
There are large differences between E90 and O3 in the Southern Hemisphere
The Thermal tropopause is higher than E90 and the dynamical tropopause in the extratropics, and lower in the tropics
Zonal Mean O3, 0Z 1 Apr 2000

9. E90 vs Thermal Tropopause: Preserving Gradients in Relative-to-Troposphere Coordinates
E90 and the Thermal Tropopause both preserve gradients in RTT coordinates in the tropics, but the thermal tropopause is lower than E90.

10. E90 vs Thermal Tropopause: Preserving Gradients in Relative-to-Troposphere Coordinates
E90 produces sharper gradients and a narrower distribution in the Extratropics. The thermal tropopause is significantly higher than the E90 tropopause

11. UCI CTM vs Ozonesondes: Preserving Gradients in Relative-to-Troposphere Coordinates
Logan, JGR UCI CTM

12. The mean of daily tropopause pressures has a great deal of structure
Variability: The monthly mean tropopause is not the same as the tropopause determined by the monthly mean E90
The mean of daily tropopause pressures has a great deal of structure

13. The monthly mean of daily tropopause O3 has much higher values and larger variability than the O3 at the monthly mean tropopause

14. Seasonal Variability – UCI CTM vs Ozonesondes
Variability is good, but O3 values are a bit high, especially in the upper troposphere
E90 varies by only ~1% near the tropopause
Logan, JGR UCI CTM

15. Variability: Seasonal Variability of Tropopause Pressure
E90 produces very realistic tropopause pressures
Considine et al, ACP 2008

16. Variability: Seasonal Variability of Tropopause O3
UCI CTM with E90 tropopause reproduces observed variability except in the tropics
Considine et al, ACP 2008

17. What is happening in the tropics?
Considine et al, ACP 2008

18. The U. Oslo ECMWF IFS Met Fields that we are using have an error in the tropical stratospheric circulation in the 40-Layer version.
The 60-Layer IFS fields do not have this error, and we are checking whether this contributes to our poor ozone simulation near the tropical tropopause

19. Summary
E90 provides an instantaneous, simple definition of the tropopause with fine spatial structure
It preserves strong cross-tropopause gradients in tracers in RTT coordinates and should produce compact tracer-tracer correlations
The UCI CTM with E90 captures the observed variability in tropopause pressure and O3, with some problems in the tropics
E90 will allow us to diagnose the relative contributions of chemistry and mixing to UTLS ozone variability

20. Why does O3 vary seasonally at the tropopause?
It is not an STE issue since that would affect e90 tracer – e90 varies by only ~1%
Likely it reflects peak summertime O3 production in the
sub-tropical lower stratosphere from O2 photolysis
Perhaps it is increased downward B-D circulation
(check age-of-air)