1. Warm-Up
A 55ml sample of a 0.102M potassium sulfate solution is mixed with 35ml of a 0.114M lead(II) acetate solution and this precipitation reaction occurs
K2SO4(aq) +Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) KC2H3O2(aq)+PbSO4(s)
The solid PbSO4 found to have a mass of 1.01g .Determine the limiting reactant, the theoretical yield and percent yield?

2. Strong acids and weak Acids
Strong acids dissociate completely in water
Example: HCl
Weak Acids: They do not completely dissociate in water
Example : acetic acid
Strong acids are strong electrolytes and weak acids are weak electrolytes

3. Solubility Rules for Ionic compounds in Water

4. Predict the solubility
NiS
Mg3(PO4)2
Li2CO3
NH4Cl

5. Precipitation Reactions
Hard water – contains dissolved ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ which diminishes the effectiveness of soap
Most laundry detergents contains substances such as sodium carbonate to remove these ions
Na2CO3 (aq) --> 2Na+(aq)+ CO3 2- (aq)

6. Hardness of water
The carbonate ions react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions to form precipitate which prevent their reaction with soap
Ca2+(aq) + CO32-  → CaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq)
Mg2+(aq) + CO32-  → MgCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq)
These reactions are called precipitation reactions

7. Precipitation reactions
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ 2KI(aq) = 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
(Soluble) (soluble) (soluble) (insoluble)
KI+NaCl No reaction happens
Only insoluble compounds form precipitate

8. How to represent Aqueous Reactions
Aqueous reaction can be represented by molecular, net ionic and complete ionic equations
Molecular Equation – represents all the molecules
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ 2KI(aq) = 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

9. Complete ionic Equation
Equations list all of the ions present as either reactants or products present in a reaction are complete ionic equation
Pb2+(aq) +2NO3-(aq) +2K+(aq)+2I-(aq) PbI2(s)+2K+(aq)+
2NO3-(aq)
Strong electrolytes are always represented as their component ions in ionic equation

10. Spectator Ions
Some of the ions in the equation remains unchanged on both sides of the equation. They are called spectator ions
They do not participate in the reaction

11. Net Ionic equation
Equation that shows only the species that actually change during the reaction are called net ionic equation

12. Write the molecular equation, complete ionic equation and net ionic equation for the following reaction
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) = KCl(aq) + H2O(l)