1. Eric Shook Department of Geography Kent State University
Linux Command-Line
Eric Shook
Department of Geography
Kent State University

2. Ubuntu Linux – Brief history
The UNIX operating system was developed in the early 70's at AT&T's Bell Laboratory.
Universities and research labs adopted UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems as a teaching and research tool and MANY varieties have been created. Some were abandoned and some are still thriving today.
Mac OS X is one UNIX variety most people are familiar with
In the 90's Linus Torvalds began a hobby project that eventually became the Linux Kernel and eventually a UNIX- like operating system based on the Linux Kernel that ran on IBM PC computers called Linux
Image source:

3. Ubuntu Linux – Brief history
Linus Torvalds also decided to “open source” his project by releasing all of the source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL)
This enabled others to copy the code, modify it, and re-release it as long as the derivative carried the same GPL allowing the new code to be copied, modified, and re-released
These copies were then copied and so on
The Open Source Movement allowed many people to work on and improve Linux from across the world ranging from professionals to hobbyists
Image source:

4. Ubuntu Linux – Brief history
Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system It is now one of the most popular desktop Linux distribution.
Ubuntu originates from the South African idea of "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity" or roughly translated as "humanity towards others” or "human kindness." From:
The servers you will be using this semester use Ubuntu Linux
Image source:

5. Ubuntu Linux – Brief history
This brief history was in part derived from these sources. Feel free to read them for more information on the history of the operating system we will be using this semester.
Image source:

6. Before the GUI, there was the CMD
Before Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) were invented, users communicated with computers using other means:
Switches
Punch cards
Command-lines (CMD) also known as Terminals
We will be using the command-line to interact with the Ubuntu Linux servers to program and develop our cyberGIS projects
Remember: Your mouse will not work

7. Command-line Interfaces
ssh
Welcome to Ubuntu LTS (GNU/Linux generic x86_64)
* Documentation:
238 packages can be updated.
115 updates are security updates.
Last login: Thu Jan 16 09:06: from mcg407es.geog.kent.edu
vi hello.py
chmod 755 hello.py
./hello.py
Hello World! ls
hello.py
mkdir testdirectory
hello.py testdirectory
cd testdirectory/ ls
cd ..

8. Commands – Changing Directories
cd directoryname
Change the current working directory to 'directoryname' (Note: this is relative path to the current working directory)

9. Commands – Changing Directories
cd directoryname
Change the current working directory to 'directoryname' (Note: this is relative path to the current working directory)
cd /home/eshook/directoryname
Change the current working directory to /home/eshook/directoryname (Note: this is an absolute path to directory name)

10. Directory Structure in Linux/
/bin
/etc
/home
/usr
/var
/home/username
/home/eshook
/var/www
/home/eshook/directoryname
/home/eshook/hwk
/var/www/index.html
/home/eshook/directoryname/program1.py
/home/eshook/hwk/program1.py
/home/eshook/directoryname/program2.py
/home/eshook/directoryname/readme.txt

11. Directory Structure in Linux/
/bin
/etc
/home
/usr
/var
/home/username
/home/eshook
/var/www
/home/eshook/directoryname
/home/eshook/hwk
/var/www/index.html
/home/eshook/directoryname/program1.py
/home/eshook/hwk/program1.py
/home/eshook/directoryname/program2.py
Current working directory
/home/eshook/directoryname/readme.txt

12. Directory Structure in Linux
cd .. /
/bin
/etc
/home
/usr
/var
/home/username
/home/eshook
/var/www
/home/eshook/directoryname
/home/eshook/hwk
/var/www/index.html
/home/eshook/directoryname/program1.py
/home/eshook/hwk/program1.py
/home/eshook/directoryname/program2.py
Current working directory
/home/eshook/directoryname/readme.txt

13. Directory Structure in Linux/
/bin
/etc
/home
/usr
/var
/home/username
/home/eshook
/var/www
/home/eshook/directoryname
/home/eshook/hwk
/var/www/index.html
/home/eshook/directoryname/program1.py
/home/eshook/hwk/program1.py
/home/eshook/directoryname/program2.py
Current working directory
/home/eshook/directoryname/readme.txt