1. Enlightenment
The Age of Reason

2. Hobbes, Rousseau, and Locke
Philosophers
Hobbes, Rousseau, and Locke

3. Thomas Hobbes Wrote the book the Leviathan
Says people are naturally mean, greedy, and violent
People are only good when forced to. The stronger the government, the better people will behave
Ideal government – Absolute Monarchy

4. Jean – Jacque Rousseau People in nature are good
Institutions make people evil
Power to rule lies in the people
Ideal government – No government

5. John Locke Wrote the book Two Treatises of Government
People are naturally good, but sometimes do bad things
People have a right to life, liberty, and property
Government should protect people and establish order
Government should be a contract between the people and the rulers. If the government fails to protect and serve, it may be broken

6. Causes: Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution changes everything!
Science uses “LAWS” to describe things
People want to use “LAWS” to describe society

7. Scientific Revolution spreads to Society
People looked for laws of nature that governed human behavior
They applied Scientific Method to all aspects of Society
Government
Economics
Religion
Education

8. Used scientific studies to improve society
Believed Reason was the source of Truth
Enlightenment is having the courage and the determination to use one’s intelligence without guidance:
What does this mean?

9. New Literature England and France – Authors come from
Novel – fictional story with characters: Robinson Crusoe
Satire – Makes fun of society: Jonathan Swift – Gulliver’s Travels

10. New Music Germany and Austria – Composers Bach – German
Hayden – Austrian
Mozart – Austrian
Beethoven – Austrian
Handel - Austrian

11. New Paintings and Architecture
Paintings become rich in color and detail
More about the life of the common man
New Architecture:
Baroque – very elaborate
Classical – simple and elegant

12. Voltaire: Dictator of Letters
Defense of Civil Liberties: Freedom of Religion and the Right to a fair trial
He wrote satirical plays about famous people – sometimes these landed him in jail
Frederick the Great and he were friends: However – Voltaire was not obedient enough for the friendship to remain

13. Enlightened Rulers
An Enlightened despot is a ruler who uses his power for the good of the people
They justify reign for the GOOD OF SOCIETY not DEVINE RIGHT

14. Frederick II of Prussia
He granted religious freedom of Catholics and Protestants, but not Jews
He reduced the use of torture and admitted serfdom was wrong
He allowed freedom of the press, admired Voltaire, and saw himself as a servant of the state.

15. Catherine the Great of Russia
She also corresponded with Voltaire and attempted to listen to the wishes of the people
She set up a constitutional convention, but dismissed the delegates
She did allow religious freedom for Catholics and Jews and limit torture.