4. Osmosis recap 1.4U1 and 9.1U5

5. 11.3 U1 Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers.
Osmolarity means how much solutes are dissolved in a solution.
Osmoregulators: maintain homeostasis for osmolarity- they keep their internal solute concentrations within a narrow range.
Terrestrial animals, freshwater fish, marine mammals
Osmoconformers: Let their osmolarity match that of the solutes in environment.
Jellyfish, sea stars

6. 11.3.U9 The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat.
Nitrogenous wastes are poisonous to animals and must

7. Nitrogenous wastes in insects is uric acid.
11.3 U2 The Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes.
Animals need to maintain homeostasis. -Osmolarity & the removal of nitrogenous wastes is maintained by the Malpighian tubule system in arthropods (insects).
Nitrogenous wastes in insects is uric acid.
Uric acid & ions are moved into Malpighian tubules by active transport.
Uric acid is excreted with feces.

8. Insects conserve water, and don’t pee

9. • Unneeded substances are removed:
11.3.U3 The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein.
Kidneys function: to remove wastes, also for osmoregulation (the amount of water in the blood). • Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery
• Unneeded substances are removed:
Toxins & products of metabolism, urea and other nitrogenous wastes
Non-excretory products: excess water, excess salt
• Blood exits the kidney through the renal vein

10. 11.3 S1 Skill: Drawing and labeling a diagram of the human kidney.

12. 11.U4 The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration.
Ultrafiltration occurs in the renal capsule
The capillary wall and basement membrane have pores (fenestrated)
High pressure forces water and blood contents (except blood cells) across capillary wall

13. Small molecules filter through fenestrations into basement membrane
11.3.U4 The Ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration
Small molecules filter through fenestrations into basement membrane
Large molecules (proteins) remain in the blood

14. Movement across membrane requires ATP
11.3.U5 The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substance by active transport
High surface area
Movement across membrane requires ATP

15. 11.3.U6 The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla

17. 11.3.U7 ADH controls reabsorption of water
Anti diuretic hormone
A diuretic increases urine production (more water in urine)
Increase in ADH means small volume of concentrated urine is produced
Controlled by
hypothalamus

20. Loop of Henle function is recovery of water and salts from urine
11.3.U8 The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation
Loop of Henle function is recovery of water and salts from urine
The longer the loop the more water and salt can be recovered

22. 11.3.A2 Treatment of kidney failure by hemodialysis or kidney transplant
Kidneys can fail, as a result of diabetes or chronic high blood pressure
A donor kidney may be transplanted

24. 11.3.A3 Blood cells, glucose, proteins and drugs are detected in urinary test