1. Circulatory Systems
Internal transport

2. Blood Connective Tissue…2 parts 1) Matrix = plasma
2) Cells: red , white, platelets
Spongy bone tissue w/ red marrow
stem cells
Blood cells

3. Plasma 50-60 % volume Mostly water Transport medium for 1) blood cells
2) blood proteins, hormones
3) nutrients & oxygen
4) waste & CO2
5) thermal energy
6) ions (regulate pH)

4. Blood Cells 1) Erythrocytes (RBC) 2) Leukocytes (WBC)
3) Megakaryoctyes (break into fragments called platelets)….role in clotting

5. Leukocyte Roles Phagocytosis/inflammation:
basophils & neutrophils
Phagocytosis/immune response:
Macrophages & dendritic cells
Kill abnormal body cells:
natural killer cells

6. Erythrocytes No nucleus – only live 120 days Require iron
Transport O2 via hemoglobin
Transports CO2 via hemoglobin
Carry ABO blood typing markers
Lack of RBC = anemia

7. Agglutination
Antibodies (immune proteins) bind foreign cells into clumps that attract phagocytes
Clumps may clog vessels
A & B markers are attacked by antibodies present in all individuals lacking A or B
Rh marker only attacked the second time an Rh- person is exposed
….the body needs time to make anitbodies against Rh markers

8. Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh – mom
1st child is Rh+ so mom develops antibodies against Rh
2nd child is Rh+
Problem = child may receive some of mom’s antibodies from placenta. Antibodies cause Agglutination in fetus

9. Heart Structures Pericardium = connecitve tissue sac
2 layers w/ fluid between
inner layer fused to wall of heart
Myocardium =
layer of cardiac muscle
elastin & collagen fibers reinforce
Endothelium – epithelial lining of chambers

10. Myocardium 1) striated muscle (sarcomeres) 2) single branching cells
3) strong adhering junctions
4) many gap junctions
5) many mitochondria
6) can store small amts glycogen

12. Valves
Atrioventricular valve
Semilunar valve

13. Heart Heart’s Left side = pumps to body more muscular
blood enters from pulmonary veins
blood leaves through aorta

14. Heart’s Right Sinoatrial node pacemaker pumps to lungs less muscular
blood enters from vena cavas
blood leaves through pulmonary arteries

15. Cardiac Cycle: cycle of expansion and contraction
Diastole (expansion)
Systole (contraction)
1) atria relax & fill with blood
2) fluid pressure opens AV valves
3) blood flows to ventricles / atria contract
4) ventricles contract = highest pressure
5) ventricles relax as atria are already filling

16. Blood Pressure Highest in contracting ventricles
Lowest in relaxed atria
Measured in brachial artery
Systolic = peak pressure as V contract
Diastolic = lowest pressure as V relax
120/80
Systolic = start to hear sound
Diastolic = sounds stop

17. Controlling Blood pressure
Based on 1) total blood volume
2) cardiac output
3) arteriole resistance
Regulated by baroreceptors in walls of arteries ex in carotids.

18. Cardiac Conduction System
1) Sinoatrial node = clump of cells in rt atrium. Send action potentials. Atria contract
2) junctional fibers = bundles of long thin cells send AP to Atrioventricular node as atria are contracting
3)Atrioventricular node is bridge btwn Atria and ventricles.

19. 4) once AP enters ventricles junction fibers spread AP to both ventricles so both contract at same time
Action Potentials pass
Directly from one cell to
The next through gap
junctions

20. Arteries = away Large diameter = low resistance
Bands of elastic tissue
Elastic walls bulge & recoil
(equalize pressure)
Artierioles regulate flow
vasodilate &
vasoconstrict

21. Veins = back to heart Large = low resistance
Smooth muscle contracts to prevent bulging
Contracting skeletal muscles push against veins
Too much bulge=
varicose veins
Backflow valves

22. Capillaries RBC fit single file Wall of cap = 1 cell layer thick
Gaps between cap cells let small mol & WBC slip out into interstitial fluid
Other things exit by diffusion across cell membrane of cap cells or by exocytosis
Blood-brain barrier is the exception….no leaking there!

23. Bulk Flow Movement of water & solutes by pressure
Ultrafiltration – pressure pusses plasma out of cap at start of cap bed
Capillary reabsorption – interstitial fluid moves into cap near end of bed
Normal = slight outward flow into tissues

26. Lymphatic System A) Lymph vascular system –
1) vessels collect excess interstital fluid
2) collected fluid called lymph
3) transports lymph to veins in lower neck
B) Lymphoid organs, tissues
1) nodes: lymphocytes filter lymph
2) spleen: filters out old RBC & pathogens
3) Thymus: T lymphocyte differentiation