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Three Epochs of Silicon Valley and Stanford Innovation
Roger Melen Oct 27, 2015 EBC Naval Postgraduate School
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Innovation the action or process of innovating.
noun the action or process of innovating. a new method, idea, product, etc. synonyms: change, alteration, revolution, upheaval, transformation, metamorphosis, breakthrough;
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Roger Melen, PhDEE Self-Introduction
Stanford University Toyota InfoTechnology USA Founder and Class Teacher for 40 Years EE-203 The Entrepreneurial Engineer
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40 Years in EE-203 The Entrepreneurial Engineer
EE-203 has been an long established seminar taught since 1976 and focused on early stage startup companies which may have “crazy” products many of which are highly technical and perhaps they are ahead of their time but they are products formed by Stanford engineering graduates much like you students here today. Stanford has a 100+ YEAR history…. Even After 100 years the Stanford Innovation Ecosystem continues to evolve and change rapidly Stanford professors have taught EE Class since the 1890s Stanford EE gained world wide prominence with Ryan Harris first head of EE Department According to Stanford study, companies formed by Stanford-affiliated entrepreneurs generate estimated annual world revenues of $2.7 trillion and have created 5.4 million jobs since the 1930s. The EE203 class provides a unique introduction to Stanford engineering entrepreneurs and their high technology products
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Innovation Requires A Budget and Funding
After 1965 Federal Research Funding Increases Reduced While Industry and Other Funding Sources Grew The Direction and Objective of Silicon Valley Innovation Away From Federal Reflects This Reduced Funding
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Three Historic Ecosystem Epochs For Silicon Valley Innovation
Products: Network Applications, Communication, Search, Clicks, data retrieval, eyeball time and analytics Products: Wireless, Radio, Television, Aviation Radar, Satellite Communication Products: Silicon Transistors and Chips, Computers, Networks, Hard Disk Drives Radio Silicon Cloud 1907 1955 1955 1995 1995 2015
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For Wireless Demonstration in
the US Navy Had a Major Influence on Innovation In Silicon Valley In 1912 the U.S. Navy constructed a new station, NAA in Arlington, Virginia, as the first in a chain of high-power international wireless radio telegraphy links. This station initially used a 100 kilowatt NESCO rotary-spark transmitter designed by Reginald Fessenden the established provider on the East Coast . Cyril Elwell founder of the small startup company in California, Federal Telegraph, convinced o the Navy to grudgingly let Federal Telegraph install a 35 kilowatt arc-transmitter for comparison trials. US Navy Selects Dr. Lee Deforest For Wireless Demonstration in San Francisco Bay Stanford Student Cyril Elwell Starts Federal Telegraph in Palo Alto, CA 1907 1920
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The Telegraph Network Provided Critical Information for Economic Development in the Late 1800s
1899: The first ship-to-shore wireless message in U.S. history is sent by Lightship No. 70 to a coastal receiving station at the Cliff House in San Francisco. In the 1890s numerous inventors rapidly developed early science, technology and methods of radio telegraphy. 1891: Telegraph Wires and Undersea Cables Linked the World Creating a Emerging Market for Wireless Ship to Shore Telegraph Oliver Lodge Gugleilmo Marconi Karl Braun Reginald Fessenden 1890s Wireless Pioneers Marconi Fessenden 1890s Key United States Wireless Entrepreneurs Were Found On The East Coast
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1 MW Arc Transmitter built Fuller
L. De Forest Joins C. Elwell and L. Fuller at Federal Telegraph First US Navy 1 MW Arc Transmitter built Fuller At Federal Telegraph 1918 Leonard F. Fuller (1st Stanford PhD EE 1918) Lee DeForest Cyril F. Elwell 1907 Stanford Student Cyril F. Elwell was hired by local businessmen to evaluate the commercial potential of the McCarty Wireless patents. 1909 Cyril Elwell Founds Federal Telegraph With Stanford Investors 1910 Cyril Elwell Arranges To Buy Costly U.S. Rights to the Poulsen Arc Patents for $200,000 and then Raised Second Round financing of $25M funding with Beach Thompson as President . July 1911 Dr. Lee de Forest Became Head of Federal Telegraph Research Laboratory - Goal to improve wireless stations and develop vacuum tube receiver amplifiers September 1912 Leonard F. Fuller of Cornell University (M.E.) and the National Electric Signaling Company Joins Federal Telegraph To Improve Arc Power Above 30 kW. The electric high power and vacuum tube expertise of Leonard Fuller and Lee de Forest had major impact on the performance and extended range of future Federal Telegraph wireless radio equipment delivered to the U.S. Navy through major deployment contracts from 1912 to 1919. Elwell left the Federal Telegraph Co. in the summer of 1913 because of disagreements with Beach Thompson President 1913 Leonard Fuller Became Chief Electrical Engineer of Federal Telegraph Until 1919. 1919 Dr. Leonard Fuller Was The First Ever Stanford Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering Frederick Terman Graduates as Stanford EE and works Summer Internship at Federal Telegraphy prior to going to M.I.T. From Dr. Leonard Fuller was professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, also serving as department chair. In this role he became friends with Ernest Lawrence, and constructed as a gift the Berkeley radiation laboratory's first large cyclotron.
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Transcontinental Railroad and Telegraph
Economic Opportunities Created by The Development of The US Telegraph Enabled The Evolution of Global Wireless Telegraphy Networks Network. Ship to Shore Radio Broadcast Radio Aircraft Radio Satellite Radio RADAR Hewlett Packard Palo Alto Transcontinental Railroad and Telegraph Litton Palo Alto Varian Magnavox Napa 1915 Eimac Redwood City Ampex Redwood City Kolster Radio San Francisco 1924, 8 tube TRF Federal Telegraph Palo Alto 1909 Dalmo Victor Redwood City Heintz-Kaufman Redwood City High Power Vacuum Tubes Synchrotron Klystron Maxwell’s Laws Nuclear Medicine Audion Microwave Power Vacuum Tubes 1880 1940
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Federal Telegraph Commercial Station Locations
Beating East Coast Wireless Cartel The Palo Alto Based Federal Telegraph Company Expanded Rapidly And By 1922 To Form A Wireless Global Network New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts were the much larger East Coast Centers in 1922 of Wireless Technology The San Francisco Bay Area was the West Coast Center in 1922 of Wireless Technology San Francisco, CA Honolulu, HI Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA Portland, Ore Panama City, Panama Canal Zone Shanghai, China Harbin, China Peking, China Canton, China Federal Telegraph Commercial Station Locations
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Formed in Palo Alto in 1909 by Cyrl Elwell with Funding by Stanford's first president, David Starr Jordan, along with William Crocker, C.D. Marx and other Stanford affiliated entrepreneurs The Early Local Tech Companies Experienced Explosive Growth In the San Francisco Bay Area (Stanford Radio Engineer, 1907 AB Electrical Engineering, 1908 Engineers Degree) 1909 Cyril Elwell Started Federal Telegraph Which Formed The Broad Nucleus of What Was To Become Silicon Valley Peter Jensen Edwin Pridham Lee de Forest Frederick Kolster head engineer 1921 Leonard Franklin Fuller Chief Radio Engineer at Federal Telegraph built and installed high power arc transmitters Frederic Terman 1922 Summer Intern Charles Litton Head of Federal Telegraph Tube Lab Audion De Forest Radio and Telegraph 1915 Magnavox Loudspeaker 1915 Frederic Terman Stanford Professor Litton Industries 1932 Leonard Franklin Fuller Professor and Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley Stanford students Bill Hewlett David Packard Stanford Electronic Laboratories Tube Lab Kolster Radio Corp 6-8 tube AC and DC Radios 1934 Hewlitt Packard $50,000 de Forest license to Western Electric Cecil Green Texas Instruments
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Frederick Emmons Terman: Father of Silicon Valley Author of Radio Electronics and Professor of Bill Hewlett, Dave Packard and Others During WWII he served as the Director of both the MIT Radiation Lab and Harvard Radio Research Lab working closely with Vannevar Bush, President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and V.P. of MIT 1900 June 7, 1900 Frederick Emmons Terman is born (Stanford BS Chemistry, MSEE 1922 MIT SCD EE 1924) 1905 Moves with family from Indiana to California. 1910 Settles permanently at Stanford when his father Lewis Terman joins Stanford Education Department faculty. 1914 Begins experimenting with radio as a "ham" operator. 1920 A.B. in Chemistry from Stanford University. 1922 Engineer's Degree in Electrical Engineering from Stanford. 1922 Summer internship at Federal Telegraph in Palo Alto. 1924 Sc.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from M.I.T. Offered teaching position at M.I.T., but because of first onset of tuberculosis, declines appointment. 1925 Begins half-time teaching in Stanford E. E. Department. 1926 Begins full-time teaching at Stanford. 1927 Appointed Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering. Co-authors Transmission Line Theory with W. S. Franklin. 1928 Marries Sibyl Walcutt, graduate student in psychology, on March 22. 1929 Birth of Frederick Walcutt Terman, March 10. 1930 Appointed Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. 1931 Birth of Terrence Christopher Terman, September 3. 1931 Federal Telegraph moves to New Jersey as part of ITT 1932 Charles Litton Builds a Tube Lab at his new startup company in Redwood City. 1932 Publishes book, Radio Engineering. 1935 Publishes Measurement in Radio Engineering. 1935 Birth of Lewis Madison Terman, August 26. 1936 Terman requested Charles Litton to volunteer to help Stanford create a tube research lab 1937 Becomes full professor and Executive Head of Electrical Engineering Department. 1938 Publishes-Fundamentals of Radio. 1938 Terman offer Dave Packard a research assistantship on an idea proposed by Russ Varian for a “wide grid r.f. power tube in Charles Litton’s Tube Laboratory off of Stanford campus. Dave Packard gives Litton credit for help when Hewlett-Packard got its start. 1940 Publishes Radio and Vacuum Tube Theory. 1941 Elected President of the Institute of Radio Engineers. Director of the Harvard Radio Research Laboratory, engaged in military research on radar countermeasures. 1943 Publishes Radio Engineers' Handbook. 1944 Appointed Dean of Stanford's School of Engineering, succeeding Samuel B. Morris. 1945 Awarded honorary Sc-D. from Harvard University. 1946 Decorated by the British government for wartime research. Elected to the National Academy of Sciences. 1948 Receives Presidential Medal of Merit. 1950 Awarded Medal of Honor by the Institute of Radio Engineers. 1952 Co-authors Electronic Measurements with Joseph M. Pettit. 1953 Elected chairman of the Engineering Section of the National Academy of Sciences. Provost of Stanford University. Vice-President of Stanford. 1964 Acting President of Stanford University, February to August. Frederick Emmons Terman, Stanford Professor, is widely credited with being the father of Silicon Valley Charles Litton The Tube Lab Litton Industries From left, David Packard, William Hewlett and Fred Terman greet one another during the dedication of the Electronics Research Laboratory's Hewlett-Packard Wing in 1952.
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Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory
In 1956 William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory as a division of Beckman Instruments next to what is now Sears in Mountain View ; his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than current transistors. At first he attempted to hire some of his former colleagues from Bell Labs, but none were willing to move to the West Coast or work with Shockley again. Instead he founded the core of a new company in the best and brightest new graduates coming out of the engineering schools. When Shockley decided his lab would no longer research silicon-based semiconductors, a group later widely known as the Traitorous Eight decided to start their own company. [2] The eight men were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts. Looking for funding on their own project, they turned to Sherman Fairchild's Fairchild Camera and Instrument, an Eastern U.S. company with considerable military contracts. In 1957, Fairchild Semiconductor was started with plans on making silicon transistors – at the time germanium was still a common material for semiconductor use. 391 San Antonio Road, Mountain View, California
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Productivity Improvement and Entertainment Enabled By
Information Processing, Networking & Communications Have Been A Common Technology Aspect of Silicon Valley Business Dating Back to The Early 1900s Vacuum and Semiconductor Electronic Devices Along With Networking Technologies Have Been Underlying Much Silicon Valley Entrepreneurship Since 1907 and Continue in the 21st Century Wireless Telegraphy Radio Television RADAR Electronic Computers Computer Networking
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The Cloud Ecosystem Innovation Tenets “Open, Lean and Fast”
A Partnership Of National and Regional Government Support for a Strong Local Ecosystem Major Local Ecosystem Components Major Large Local Businesses Ecosystem Support and Networking Major Research Angel & Venture Capital Incubators Hackathons On Line Universities Silicon Valley Univ. Coursera Meetups Expert Advisory Boards Industry Specific Councils Global Investors -$400 Million from China (to Angelist) -Sovereign Wealth Funds - Russian Investors (Yuri Milner) Milner invested $150,000 into each of the start‑up program participants in incubator Y Combinator Local Competitors Multinational Local Large Research Companies - Samsung - AT&T - Microsoft - Google/Facebook Stanford and UC Berkeley Apple Cisco Google Facebook Hewlett Packard Lockheed NASA Ames
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Japanese and Chinese Automotive Researchers
One Example Of Silicon Valley Support: A Monthly Council Dedicated to Promoting Innovation in Automotive Research Multi-National American, European, Japanese and Chinese Automotive Researchers Attend
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Cycles of Silicon Valley Tech Economic Boom and Bust Only Approximately Correspond To Broader Economy 1974 2001 2009 2020?
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Some Current Emerging Innovative Silicon Valley Technology Domains
Autonomous in Every Machine that Moves: Cars, Planes, Boats, Fork Lifts, … Partner Robots: Personal, and In Cars, Trucks, … 3D Reality Human Visual Interfaces, Printers, … Augmented Human Experiences Multispectral Imaging, Exoskeletons, … Cloud Intelligence Analytics, General Artificial Intelligence, … Low Cost Ubiquitous Micro Satellites/CubeSats Communications, Imaging, Analysis Precision Positioning (GPS III enabled)
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Too Many Cooks in the Kitchen
Challenges Exist for Large Enterprises To Successfully Interact With Silicon Valley Startups It Is Difficult To Provide Funding Along With The Required Grass Roots Decision Making With Only Limited Enterprise Control. Too Many Cooks in the Kitchen Startup Ideas May Start Small Before Growing And Not Appear Large Enough Quickly Enough For Large Requirements Most Big Ideas Start as Little Ideas Requiring Successfully Pivot Early From Dwarfs To Baby Great Ideas Enterprise Listening to and Incorporating New Ideas Is Difficult Particularly When Ideas Compete With Incumbent Parties Incorporation of Startup Output Into Existing Organizations is A Daunting Challenge Incorporation of Startup Output Into Existing Organizations is A Daunting Challenge
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The End
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