1. Social Classes, Categories and the Casta System

2. Race and culture mixing
Miscegenation (race mixing) became common
Colonizers treated women as an extension of conquest and the “spoils of war”

3. Main categories: Spanish + Indigenous = Mestizo/a
Spanish + African = Mulato/a
African + Indigenous = Zambo/a or Zambaigo/a

4. Social Classes and Categories:
Spanish-born: Peninsulares, “Gachupines”
Spaniards born in the Americas: creoles or criollos
Mixed people, mostly mestizos
Indigenous people and African slaves

5. Calidad and Limpieza de Sangre (Status and Purity of Blood)
Race
Legitimacy of Birth
Occupation
Citizenship
Religion
Fighting words: the case of Eusebio Chavez and Andres Martin

13. Catholic Church as Spiritual Arm of the Conquest
There was no separation of church and state in the colonial Spanish world
Spanish monarchy and the Church worked together in seeking to colonize the bodies, minds and souls of native people
The Pope mediated territorial claims between Spain and Portugal through the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494

14. The Church as Spiritual Arm of the Conquest (continued)
“Patronato Real” or royal patronage – the right of the Spanish Kings to nominate all church officials, collect tithes, and found churches and monasteries on Spain’s colonial territories
Religious orders: Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians

15. Catholic Church, continued…
Two primary goals: ridding natives of old beliefs and imposing a new system
Priests became linguists and ethnographers in these pursuits
Claimed 9 million native souls converted by 1537!
Superficial conversions
Catholicism imposed on deeply rooted belief systems that involved sacred spaces, ceremonies, rituals, and symbols that did not disappear

16. Religious syncretism
La Virgen de Guadalupe and Tonanantzin, Earth Goddess

17. Catholic Cathedral in Mexico City …

18. … built atop Aztec ruins

20. Iglesia de Santo Domingo built on top of the Inca Temple of the Sun in Cuzco, Peru

24. Enslavement
Spanish entry into the native peoples’ economic worlds fundamentally changed pre-existing systems of production

25. The Spanish commercial system was restrictive and mercantilist
It was restrictive because control over colonial trade was under the Casa de Contratacion in Spain
Mercantilism is an economic system/theory based on national policies of accumulating bullion (precious metals like gold and silver), establishing colonies, and developing a favorable balance of trade

26. Enslavement (euphemisms)
Encomienda
Repartimiento or Mita
Yanaconas
Hacienda (debt servitude or peonage)

27. Main sources of production
Mining
Agriculture
Livestock
Textiles

28. Resistance and Rebellion
Strategies include escape, sabotage, maintaining traditions (language, religion, etc.), and violent rebellion
Examples include the Mixton War ( ) and the Pueblo Revolt ( )

29. Colonization of the Northern frontier of New Spain
The conqueror is conquered: Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca,

30. Patriarchy in the colonial world
Patriarchy is a system of social organization in which descent is traced through the male line
Patriarchal ideology defined the father as the source of authority
Fundamentally, patriarchal European culture believed in male authority not only in the home, but in the government and the Church
Women defined by patriarchy as fragile, weak, needing protection

31. Ideas of honor based on women’s virtue
Seclusion of women
Double standard of morality for judging men’s and women’s behaviors
Class basis for honor (the poor are less likely to be considered honorable)
Economic class distinctions among women helped dictate options
Survival and coping strategies included employment, witchcraft, and religion or the convent (i.e., Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz)