1. Oceanography

2. The Vast World Ocean
Nearly 71 percent of Earth’s surface is covered by ocean.
Oceanography - includes geology, chemistry, physics, and biology to study all aspects of the ocean.

3. Ocean Basins
The world ocean can be divided into four main ocean basins—the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest
The Atlantic Ocean is half the size of the Pacific and not as deep
The Indian Ocean is slightly smaller than the Atlantic
The Arctic Ocean is 7 % the size of the Pacific

4. Topography of the Ocean
Makes no sense without caption in book
Topography is the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.

5. Continental Margin
Continental shelves – underwater extension of the continent
contains important mineral deposits, large reservoirs of oil and natural gas, and huge sand and gravel deposits.
Continental slope - connects the continental shelf and ocean floor
Continental rise – gently sloping hill of accumulated sediments at the base of the continental slope.
Makes no sense without caption in book

6. Continental Shelf

7. Abyssal Plain Abyssal plain - deep, level ocean floor
Seamount – underwater volcano that may rise above the ocean
Guyot - an eroded, flat-topped seamount.
Deep ocean trenches -form where
subduction occurs
Makes no sense without caption in book

8. Ocean Floor Features
Mid-Ocean Ridge – forms where seafloor spreading occurs

9. Mid-Ocean Ridges
Hydrothermal vents form along mid-ocean ridges. These are zones where hot, mineral-rich water, escapes through cracks in the oceanic crust into surrounding water

10. Energy Resources from the Seafloor
Oil and natural gas are the main energy products currently being obtained from the ocean floor.

11. Resources from the Seafloor
Other major resources from the ocean floor include sand and gravel, evaporative salts, and manganese nodules.
The offshore sand-and-gravel industry is second in economic value only to the petroleum industry.

12. The Composition of Seawater
Salinity - amount of solids dissolved in water (35 ppt-parts per thousand or 3.5%)
2 main dissolved solids:
Chlorine = 55% from earth’s interior (volcanoes)
Sodium = 30.6% from chemical weathering of rocks (carried by rivers)

13. Processes Affecting Salinity
Salinity varies from 33 to 38 ppt

14. Processes Affecting Salinity
Processes that DECREASE
the salinity of seawater:
1. Precipitation
2. Runoff
3. Ice melting
Processes that INCREASE
the salinity of seawater:
1. Evaporation
2. Freezing of sea ice
Makes no sense without caption in book

15. Ocean Temperature Variation
Temperature varies with the amount
of sunlight, which depends on latitude.
Thermocline –
begins at 300 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature

16. Water Layers in the Tropics
Makes no sense without caption in book

17. Ocean Zones 1. Surface Zone: sunny and shallow
2. Transition Zone: Includes the thermocline
3. Deep Zone: dark, a few degrees above freezing, high-density
Makes no sense without caption in book

18. Ocean Density Affected by: Temperature Lower temp. = higher density
Salinity
Higher salinity = higher density
Depth
Deeper = higher density

19. Classification of Marine Organisms
Marine organisms can be classified according to where
they live and how they move.
1. Plankton - drift with the currents
Phytoplankton - algae (plants)
Zooplankton - animal

20. Nekton All animals that can swim/move on their own
Fish, squids, turtles, etc.

21. Benthos
Live on or in the ocean bottom
Worms, coral, starfish

22. Marine Life Zones
3 factors are used to divide the ocean into distinct marine life zones:
1. availability of sunlight distance from shore water depth
Makes no sense without caption in book

23. Waves obtain their energy and motion from wind Crest = top
Trough = bottom
Wave height = distance from trough up to crest
Wavelength = distance from crest to next crest

24. Factors Affecting Waves
wind speed
length of time the wind has blown
Fetch (distance wind blows)

25. Wave Motion (1) water particles move in a circle energy moves forward
particles return to original position
energy decreases with depth
(2) Breakers
- breaking depth = ½ wavelength
- surf –turbulent water after wave breaks

26. Surface Currents
Ocean current - mass of ocean water that flows from one place to another
Flows horizontally
Caused by wind friction
Warm currents move from equator to poles
Cold currents move from poles to equator

27. Ocean Surface Currents
Makes no sense without caption in book
Gyres - huge circular-moving current systems
Coriolis effect - deflection of currents away from their original course as a result of Earth’s rotation.

28. Deep Ocean Circulation
Vertical (up and down) movement of water
Density currents = vertical currents of water due to density differences
Upwelling = cold water rising from deep layers to replace warm surface water
Brings nutrients to surface(good for fishing)

29. A Conveyor Belt

30. Effects of Upwelling
Makes no sense without caption in book

31. SHORELINE PROCESSES/FEATURES
Forces:
Eroding
Depositing
Longshore Transport
Wave impact
Wave refraction
Abrasion

32. Sea Erosional Features
1. Sea Cave
2. Sea Arch
3. Sea Stacks
4. Wave-cut platform

33. Depositional Feature 1. Spit 2. Baymouth Bar 3. Tombolo
4. Barrier Islands

34. Stabilizing/Protecting Features
1. Jetties or groins
2. Breakwaters
3. Seawalls
4. Beach nourishments

35. Stabilizing/protecting shores:
Natural protectors: sand bars, sand dunes, coral reefs

36. Coral Reefs
Fringing reef
Atoll
Barrier reef