1. THE THROAT AND THORAX
Unit 17

2. The throat is made up of 1. Esophagus 2. Trachea 3. Larynx
I. THROAT ANATOMY
The throat is made up of
1. Esophagus
2. Trachea
3. Larynx
4. Carotid Artery
5. Jugular Vein

4. TRACHEA ESOPHAGUS THROAT ANATOMY
The passageway for food going from the mouth to stomach
TRACHEA
The passageway for air between the mouth and nasal passage and the lungs

5. Throat Anatomy
3. LARYNX
a. upper part of the trachea, which contains vocal cords
4. CAROTID ARTERY
a. Carries oxygenated blood to brain
5. The JUGULAR VEIN
a. Carries deoxygenated blood back to heart

6. Fun Fact:
Air flows over folds in larynx (vocal cords) causing vibrations which makes the sound

7. II. THORAX ANATOMY
The THORAX contains
1. Ribs
2. Sternum
3. Thoracic Spine
4. Heart
5. Lungs
6. Diaphragm

9. 1. Ribs There are 24 ribs in the human body, 12 on each side
Main function:
protect vital organs within the chest cavity
assist lungs during breathing
attach to thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and sternum anteriorly
last two ribs (11 and 12) are FLOATING RIBS

10. a. attachment site for first 10 ribs
2. Sternum
Function:
a. attachment site for first 10 ribs
3. Thoracic Spine
Function:
a. Origin of all 12 ribs

11. Divided into 4 chambers:
4. Heart
Function:
Divided into 4 chambers:
a. pump blood through the body
a. Right atrium
b. Left atrium
Thump of heart beat is the valves shutting
c. Right Ventricle
d. Left Ventricle

12. The anatomy of the heart

13. Flow of Blood Through Body
2. Vena Cava
3. R. Atrium
4. R. Ventricle 5. Pulmonary
arteries
6. Lungs
7. Pulmonary
veins
8. L. Atrium
9. L. Ventricle
10. Aorta
11. Body

14. Vena Cava Right Atrium Right Ventricle
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it on to the right atrium
Right Atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cavas and passes it on to the right ventricle
Right Ventricle
Pumps blood to the lungs to dispose the carbon dioxide and pick up new oxygen

15. Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins
Receives deoxygenated blood from R ventricle & passes to the lungs
Lungs
Receives deoxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries, exchanges CO2 and O2 w/capillaries, then passes blood to Pulmonary Veins the left atrium
Pulmonary Veins
Receives oxygenated blood from R ventricle & passes to the lungs

16. Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta
Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins passes it to the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood from L atrium & passes to the aorta
Largest chamber with the strongest walls
Aorta
Largest Artery in the body
Receives oxygenated blood from L Ventricle, passes it to the body

17. Fun facts about blood All RBC’s stacked = 31,000 miles high
All blood vessels = 100,000 miles long
Every drop of blood passes through the heart 1 time each minute
1 drop of blood contains:
12,000 WBC
5 million RBC
RBC + O2 = Pink color; + CO2 = dark red

18. On each side of the heart Main functions: 1. exchange O2 and CO2
5. Lungs
On each side of the heart
Main functions:
1. exchange O2 and CO2
2. dissipate body heat a. exhale
Fun Fact:
million alveoli in each lung - lining of all alveoli in lungs = ½ football field

19. Average adult breaths 10-15 x/minute
6. Diaphragm
Average adult breaths x/minute
Infants = 40x
Muscle
a. separates THORAX and ABDOMINAL CAVITIES
2. Assists in inhalation
a. contracts (pull down - make more room for lungs to expand)
3. Assists in exhalation
a. push upward (force air out lungs)

20. Sports INJURY PREVENTION
Wear appropriate protective equipment
Throat and chest protectors
baseball/softball catchers
football
hockey

21. III. THROAT and THORAX INJURIES
Can be simple or devastating
Most common throat injury is a contusion from direct blow
Ex: from a stick, elbow,etc.

22. Common signs and symptoms for all throat injuries are
Coughing
Spitting
Pain
Difficulty breathing

23. A. THROAT LACERATION/INCISION
Can occur when e.g. an athletes ice skate goes accross another players throat
(additional to those mentioned before):
Bleeding
Signs and Symptoms
Ask class how else a throat laceration might occur
- e.g. A baseball player sliding into base catching opponent‘s metal cleat

24. Treatment: - If laceration is superficial: direct pressure
If laceration is deep: direct pressure and call 911
Carotid artery & jugular vein are big vessels that can lead to the athlete bleeding out quickly

25. B. Cartilage Fractures of the Trachea
Can be caused by a severe blow to the throat (e.g. A baseball pitcher being hit with a batted ball)
Signs and Symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing and talking
Gasping for air
Spit up blood
Pain
Anxiety
May turn blue due to lack of O2

26. Treatment:
- Stabilize athlete in position found (possibility of fracture of the cervical spine)
call 911
Keep airway free of blood
Calm athlete down
Apply ice to reduce swelling
Ask class why to calm athlete down
anybody who has difficulty breathing will panic
Needs to stay calm to remain c-spine immobilization

27. C. Rib Fractures Occur by a direct blow or chest compression
Blows to the lateral aspect of the thorax are more likely to result in the rib penetrating inward, possibly causing complications such as internal bleeding or puncturing a lung.

28. Signs and Symptoms Treatment: - Pain with inhalation
Difficulty breathing
Point tenderness
Possibly deformity
Swelling
Treatment:
Ice
Rest
Send to team physician for X-rays
If rib is penetrating lung : CALL 911
To differentiate a contused rib from a fractured rib:
Pain on inhalation and exhalation = most likely contusion
Increased pain on inhalation only = possible fracture

29. D. Sternal Fractures Result of a direct impact
A force that is great enough to fracture the sternum will possibly also cause damage to the heart and/or lungs
Therefore, a suspected sternal fracture should always be treated as a medical emergency

30. E. Pneumothorax
The presence of air in the pleural cavity (= the cavity the lungs sit in), commonly referred to as a collapsed lung
A typical pnuemothorax can be caused by an external wound, a fractured rib, or a chest laceration.
The injured lung will deflate and move toward the center of the chest, putting pressure onto the heart and other lung
A collapsed lung will look somewhat like a balloon that was blown up and then deflated

31. 1. Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Occurs without external trauma when there is an imperfection in lung tissue
Signs and Symptoms: Treatment:
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing
Possibly bluish skin color
Place athlete on side, with injured side closest to the ground Call 911
A collapsed lung will look somewhat like a balloon that was blown up and then deflated

33. 2. Tension Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax can cause a tension pneumothorax, which presents a serious problem:
~ As air leaks out of collapsed lung, into pleural cavity.
~ Forces injured lung to press against heart & the other lung.
~ Increasing pressure in pleural cavity, trachea forced away from injured lung, leads to severe respiratory distress & possibly death
A collapsed lung will look somewhat like a balloon that was blown up and then deflated

34. - Respiratory distress Absent breath sounds on involved side Anxiety
Signs and Symptoms:
- Respiratory distress
Absent breath sounds on involved side
Anxiety
Bluish skin color
Signs of shock
A collapsed lung will look somewhat like a balloon that was blown up and then deflated

35. Bulging of intercostal muscles (muscles between the ribs)
In severe cases:
- Tracheal deviation
Neck vein distension
Bulging of intercostal muscles (muscles between the ribs)

36. Place athlete on injured side
Treatment:
- call 911
Place athlete on injured side
If there‘s an external puncture wound cover it partially (not fully, since air can not leak out then)
Care for shock

37. F. Flail Chest
Occurs when 2 or more consecutive ribs are fractured in at least 2 places

38. The entire fractured portion moves in and out with the athlete breathing
Occurs as a result of a direct trauma

40. Possibly bluish skin color
Signs and Symptoms:
- Extreme pain
Difficulty breathing
Possible shock
Anxiety
Possibly bluish skin color

41. Treatment:
Call 911
Splint rib cage with a blanket or pillow to decrease movement of fractured portion
Treat for shock

42. G. Pulmonary Contusion
A contusion to the lungs (e.g. A baseball hitting the chest), resulting in bleeding and swelling of the lung

43. G. Pulmonary Contusion
Since bleeding and swelling are fluid accumulating in the lung, a pulmonary contusion is a medical emergency

44. Difficulty breathing Bluish skin color Treatment: - Call 911
Signs and Symptoms:
Difficulty breathing
Bluish skin color
Treatment:
- Call 911

45. H. Hemothorax
An accumulation of blood in the chest cavity is referred to as a hemothorax

46. Can occur from an internal injury (A blood vessel or lung rupturing) or from an external injury (A javelin penetrating the chest)
Similar to a pneumothorax in that the blood puts pressure onto the lung and heart

48. Possibly coughing up blood Possibly unconsciousness Signs of shock
Signs and Symptoms:
Difficulty breathing
Bluish skin color
Possibly coughing up blood
Possibly unconsciousness
Signs of shock
Possible absence of breath sounds on injured side

49. Control bleeding as best as possible Treat for shock Possibly CPR
Treatment:
Call 911
Control bleeding as best as possible
Treat for shock
Possibly CPR

50. Javelin to Chest - Rome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHj2UJNMd0U
Cross off Sucking Chest Wound – not doing it!

51. Abnormally quick (more than 24 breaths /minute), shallow breathing
J. Hyperventilation
Abnormally quick (more than 24 breaths /minute), shallow breathing
Results in an imbalance of carbon dioxide and oxygen
Can occur due to excitement or underlying illnesses such as asthma or diabetes

52. Numbing of fingers, toes, lips, and cheeks
Signs and Symptoms:
Lightheadedness
Numbing of fingers, toes, lips, and cheeks
Possibly loss of consciousness
Cramping of the limbs

53. Calm down the athlete and encourage normal, controlled breathing
Treatment:
Calm down the athlete and encourage normal, controlled breathing
Have athlete breathe into paper bag to balance carbon dioxyde and oxygen

54. If breathing can not be controlled or athlete passes out call 911