1. Mi’kmaq
Historians and archaeologists differ as to when the Mi'kmaq first came to Newfoundland. Newfoundland Mi'kmaq oral tradition holds that the Mi'kmaq were living in Newfoundland prior to European contact. There is some historical evidence that the Mi'kmaq were living in Newfoundland by the 16th century, and by the 17th century there are increasing references to the Mi'kmaq in the historical record.

2. Mi’kmaq Language: Mi’kmaq Habitation Information:
They called Newfoundland “Ktaqmkuk”
Codroy Valley, St. George’s Bay, Bonne Bay (West Coast)
Burgeo and Conne River (South River)
Badger and Glenwood (Central)
Gander Bay and Clode Sound (East)
Lived in traditional dwellings – cone shaped tent covered in skins or birch

3. Mi’kmaq Continued Clothing Information: Food Information:
Mix of European and aboriginal
Traded clothing
Food Information:
Fishing
Hunting
Gathering
Caribou, moose, beaver, bear, herring, shellfish

4. Mi’kmaq Continued Lifestyle Information: Important Terms/People:
Based on oral tradition
Lived in NL before European settlers
Fur traders with the Europeans
Guides for Europeans
Many converted to Roman Catholicism
Important Terms/People:
Lifestyle: way a person or group lives
Ktaqmkuk: name for Newfoundland, means “land across the water”
Miawpukek: Conne River First nations (today)
Sylvester Joe: Mi’kmaq guide who led explorer William Cormack across the island from Clarenville to St. George’s Bay in 1822

5. Innu
The Innu are a people whose homeland (Nitassinan) is the eastern portion of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.

6. Innu Language: “Innu-Aimun” Habitat Information: Clothing Information:
Occupied parts of what are now Quebec and Labrador (Natuashish, Sheshatshiu, etc)
They call their territory “Nitassinan” or (Our land)
A migratory lifestyle
Skin tents
Clothing Information:
Made their own clothing for centuries (animal skins)
Traded later with Europeans and wore European clothing

7. Innu Continued Lifestyle Information: Important Terms/People:
One branch traveled a lot in one area (Mushua Branch)
The other branch traveled over long distances following caribou (Sheshatshiu Branch)
Migratory lifestyle
Started hunting to get pelts for the fur trade in exchange for European goods. Couldn’t get enough food for to keep from starving,
which got worse when the caribou herds declined.
Important Terms/People:
Natuashish and Sheshatshiu – main Innu communities
Nitassinan: name for Innu territory “our land”

8. Inuit
Inuit living along the northern coast of Labrador are the direct descendants of a prehistoric hunting society that spread across Canada from Alaska and centered on capturing massive bowhead whales. This culture, called Thule by archaeologists, quickly adapted to the mixed arctic and sub-arctic conditions found in the Labrador region. 

9. Inuit Language: Inuktitut Habitation Information:
Have lived in Labrador for hundreds of years
Clothing Information:
Wore hand made clothing made of seal skin and caribou hide, insulated to deal with cold temperature
Later incorporated European clothing in with their own

10. Inuit Continued Food Information: Artic char (fish) Caribou Seals
Whale
Seabirds
Walrus
Stored food in rock caches (winter/early spring)*mound of rocks in which they would put food.

11. Inuit Lifestyle Traveled by dog team, kayak, umiak
Skin tent in the summer/sod house (qamartalik) in winter
Very family centered culture
Big changes with contact with Europeans:
diseases such as the Spanish flu/measles. They had no resistance
changed religion/converted to Christianity
moved next to mission stations in places such as Nain and Okak
celebrated Easter/Christmas etc.

12. Inuit Continued Important Terms/People: Umiak-larger boat
Rock cache - mound of rocks in which they would put food in the Winter.
Tupiq – summer skin tent
Qamartalik – winter sod house
Inuktitut- language of the Inuit

13. Labrador Métis
Labrador's first Inuit-Metis were the children of European men who came to the coast of southern and central Labrador to work in the fish trade, starting in the 1760s, and Inuit women. 

14. Labrador Métis Habitat Information: Clothing information:
Lived farther south in Labrador than the Inuit.
Clothing information:
Mix of European and aboriginal but mainly European style
May have some clothing of skins/fur

15. Labrador Métis Food Information: Hunted birds Seal
Fur bearing animals such as fox, bear, lynx
Caribou
Salmon
Cod

16. Labrador Métis Lifestyle Information
Mixed aboriginal/European heritage
Worked as trappers/small traders
Developed their own social customs
Not as influenced by the Moravians
Seasonal pattern of social and economic activity based on aboriginal/European lifestyle

17. Labrador Métis Important Terms/People:
Kablunangajuit- almost white man
Métis – people of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry-usually aboriginal women and European men.

18. Questions: Page 33
Answer the following questions on Page 33 in complete sentences!
1. Why do you think the Beothuk people became extinct while other Aboriginal peoples in this province survived? (Read the excerpt on Page 28 by Ingeborg Marshall for ideas!)
2. Pretend you were a member of the First Nations people during the 19th century and describe your lifestyle and culture. (You can pick any of the groups we have studied)
3. A) What major changes in Inuit lifestyle occurred in the 1800s?
B) In point form, list 3 factors that contributed to the changing Inuit lifestyle
Example of the start of a complete sentence response for #1:
“I think the Beothuk people became extinct while other Aboriginal peoples survived because…”