1. Agenda Deferred Action on Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
“your findings on this topic”
Chapter Two, The Crime Picture

2. Crime Data and Social Policy
“We an have as much or as little crime as we please, depending on what we choose to count as criminal” Herbert Packer

3. The Measurement of Crime
What Americans know about crime is, by and large, based on statistics supplied by government agencies.

4. The collection of crime data
Nationally, there are two major sources:
FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), also known today as National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

5. UCR History
1930, Congress authorized the U.S. attorney general to survey crime in America
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was designed to implement
Earlier efforts by International Association of Chiefs of Police used readily available information
FBI’s 1st year, rec’d reports from 400 cities, 43 states, 20 million people

6. (UCR) cont’d
Today more than 18,000 city, county, university and college, tribal and state law enforcement agencies (representing 95 percent of the U.S. population) are active in the program.

7. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
The UCR includes two major indexes:
Offenses known to the police
Statistics about persons arrested

8. (UCR) cont’d
To ensure uniformity in reporting, FBI developed standardized definitions of offenses and terminologies

9. 1000 crimes
500 go unreported
unsolved
100 people arrested
30 cased go to trial
29 sentenced
20 adults go to prison/jail

10. Crime Index (Discontinued in 2004)
(UCR) cont’d
Original UCR was designed to permit comparisons over time through construction of a:
Crime Index (Discontinued in 2004)
Summed the occurrences of seven major offenses:

11. Crime Index Cont’d In 1979, an eighth offense was added ARSON Murder
Forcible Rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor Vehicle Theft
In 1979, an eighth offense was added
ARSON

12. eight index crimes Murder Forcible rape Robbery Larceny-theft
The Part I offenses in the
FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports.
Murder
Forcible rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
Once again, the Crime Index was discontinued in 2004

13. Crime Index, why discontinued?
The index was intended to be a tool for state to state and year to year comparisons via the use of crime rates
Index was misleading and research found that larceny-theft, carried undue weight and led to underappreciation of changes in the rates of more violent and serious c

14. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
An incident based reporting system that collects detailed data on every single crime occurrence, NIBRS data that have traditionally been provided by the FBI’s UCR.
1988, redesigned UCR System

15. UCR vs NIBRS
UCR- depended on statistical tabulations of crime data which were often more than frequency counts
NIBRS- Gathers details about each criminal incident;
Information on place of occurrence, weapon used, type, value of property damaged or stolen, personal characteristics of the offender and the victim, nature of any relationship between the two and disposition of the complaint

16. NIBRS
22 general offenses: Arson, assault, bribery, burglary, counterfeiting, embezzlement, extortion, forcible sex offenses, fraud, gambling, homicide, kidnapping, larceny, motor vehicle theft, narcotics offenses, non-forcible sex offenses, pornography, prostitution, receiving stolen property, robbery, vandalism, and weapons violations.

17. Other offenses
Bad checks, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drunkenness, non-violent family offenses, liquor-law violations, peeping tom activity, runaways, trespass and a general category of all “other” criminal law violations.

19. National Incident-based Reporting System
FBI began accepting crime date in NIBRS format in January, 1989
Changes continue to be made
1990- Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act- colleges to publish annual security reports

21. Historical Trends
National reports generally make use of large units of population, such as 100,000 people
1960, reported rape was 10 per 100,000
2012, 26.9 forcible rapes per 100,000 inhabitants of the United States

22. Historical Trends Three major shifts in crime rates:
1940s, crime decreased, men entered into the military service, World War II
1960s to 1990s, baby boomers (birth rates skyrocketed between s, baby boomers entered crime-prone ages
1991 to 2012, decline

23. Crime declines
Various reasons
Combat crime, Safe Streets Act 1968, & USA Patriot Act of 2001
Stronger, better-prepared criminal justice agencies
Community Policing
Strong victim’s movement
Get tough on crime, war on drugs
Advances in forensic science and enforcement technology

24. Crime on the rise?
Random mass shootings Higher rates of murder in some cities

25. Ucr/nibrs in transition
FBI CRIME CLOCK
Page 31

26. Let’s take a look at the #2 largest city in the country
LAPD Crime Mapping

27. UCR/nibrs Violent Crimes (also called personal crimes)
Murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault
in California, violent crimes are referred to as “strikable,” two and
three strike laws
Property Crimes
Motor vehicle theft, burglary, arson, and larceny-theft

28. Murder
The unlawful killing of a human being. with malice aforethought-
premeditation; forethought (with a deliberate intention of causing harm)
“Murder is a generic term that in common usage may include first and second degree murder, manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and other similar offenses.” (F. Schmalleger, 2016)

29. Freedom or Safety? You decide
Page 32
A dress cod for bank customers

30. murder
The killing of another human being under conditions specifically covered in law. In the U.S., special statutory definitions include murder committed with malice aforethought, characterized by deliberation or premeditation or occurring during the commission of another serious crime, as robbery or arson (first-degree murder) and murder by intent but without deliberation or premeditation (second-degree murder)

31. The homicide cop
There is no hunting like the hunting of man, and those who have hunted armed men long enough and liked it, never care for anything else thereafter.
Ernest Hemingway

32. FBI Crime in the United States

33. Rape
Rape- The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, oral penetration by a sex organ of another person
Forcible rape, the carnal knowledge of a person, forcibly and against their will. (carnal-pertaining to or characterized by the flesh or the body, its 
passions and appetites; sensual)
Sexual Battery- The intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person, without his/her consent that entails a sexual component or purpose

34. Date Rape
The unlawful forced sexual intercourse with a person, without his or her consent, that occurs within the context of a dating relationship. Date rape, or acquaintance rape, is a subcategory of rape that is of special concern today

35. Robbery
The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

36. Aggravated assault
Assault- an unlawful attack by one person upon another (usually a misdemeanor)
Aggravated assault- the unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting, of serious injury upon the person of another
(usually a weapon or victim requires medical
assistance)

37. Burglary The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
UCR/NIBRS- three classifications of burglary
Forcible entry
Unlawful entry where not force is used, and
Attempted forcible entry
(In 2012, 60.5% were forced entries)

38. Larceny-Theft
The unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another (vehicles are excluded)
Larceny is another name for theft, theft from Motor vehicle, shoplifing, thefts from buildings, thefts from motor vehicle parts and accessories, bicycle thefts, thefts from coin-operated machines, purse snatching, and pickpocketing
Larceny theft is the most frequently reported major crime, according to the UCR/NIBRS. It may also be the program’s most underreported crime category

39. Identity theft
A crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of information to obtain credit, merchandise and services

40. NCVS
An annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extend of criminal victimization especially unreported victimization in the United States
Dark figure of crime- Crime that is not reported to the police and that remains unknown to officials
Page 42 & 43

41. Special categories of crime
Stalking
Cyberstalking
Crime against the elderly
Hate Crime
Corporate and White-Collar Crime
Organized Crime
Gun Crime (the use of a gun during the commission of a crime)
Drug Crime
High Technology and Computer Crime

42. Terrorism

43. Review UCR/NIBRS- Statistical reporting program run by the FBI
NCVS- An annual survey of selected American households, conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics

44. Questions??