1. Chemistry Essential Standard
Bio.4.1 Understanding how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.

2. Chemistry
Structure and function of living things are governed by chemistry
4 Fundamental Principles of Chemistry
Matter
Elements
Atoms
Compounds

3. Chemistry Chemical bonds are attachments between atoms or molecules
Covalent Bond – strong bond sharing electrons between atoms
Ionic Bonds – electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom (atoms are charged)
Hydrogen bonds – weak bonds between hydrogen of one molecule and oxygen of another molecule

4. Energy and Matter Energy – ability to do work and cause change
Chemical energy
Thermal energy
Mechanical energy
States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas

5. Solutions Solute – substance that is dissolved into a mixture
Solvent – substance in which solute is dissolved in
Solution – mixture of solute and solvent
Concentration – measure of amount of solute dissolved in solvent (g/mL)

6. Acids and Bases
Acidity or Alkalinity – measure of relative amounts of hydrogen ions in a solution
High hydrogen ion activity indicates an acid
Low hydrogen ion activity indicates a base
Normal hydrogen activity indicates neutral pH –ex. Water!
pH Scale - scale to compare acidity and alkalinity
Ranges from 0-14

7. pH Scale 0-3 = strong acid 4-7 = weak acid 7-11 – weak base
11-14 = strong base
Buffers - chemical substance that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases