1. Section 3 Pregnancy and Early Development
Chapter 18
Section 3
Pregnancy and Early Development

2. How a Human Life Begins
Life begins with the union of an egg from a female and a sperm from a male. Fertilizations can occur because of sexual intercourse.

4. Pregnancy Test
Page 444- Four Early Signs of Pregnancy and Belief vs. Reality
HCG-human chorionic gonadotropin (hormone produced by pregnancy)
HCG can be detected as early as 1 week after a missed period.
Lab test can usually detect HCG as early as 10 days after fertilization occurs.

5. Pathway of the Fertilized Egg

6. The Stages of Pregnancy
First trimester
The first 3 months after conception
The embryo is called a fetus (3rd month)
Second trimester
Months 4 to 6
Third trimester
Months 7 to 9

7. First Trimester A time of growth and change.
After implantation, the embryo starts growing rapidly.
By the fourth week a development, the heart starts beating, arms and leg buds appear, and the eyes and brain begin to develop.

8. Second Trimester
4-6 months is a time when the organ systems continue to develop.
By the 4th month, the mother can feel the fetus move or kick.
The reproductive organs can be recognized as male or female.

9. Third Trimester The fetus gains most of its weight.
A fetus requires a lot of nutrients from the mother. A large percentage of the iron and calcium in the mother’s food will be delivered to the growing fetus.

10. Function of Placenta and Umbilical Cord
To absorb nutrients & oxygen from mother and pass through the cord to the fetus.
Placenta receives wastes from the fetus and sends it back to the mother into the bloodstream.
Mother and fetus have 2 separate circulatory systems.

11. Amniotic Sac
The amniotic sac is filled with fluid to protect the embryo/fetus.
Through the amniotic fluid and in this sac, the fetus “breathes”.

12. Staying Healthy Before and During Pregnancy
Avoid alcohol and other drugs
Maintain a nutritious diet
Take prenatal vitamins (Folic Acid, Iron)
Get regular moderate exercise
Have all medical conditions evaluated by a doctor
Page 447- Problems During Pregnancy Chart

13. Stages of Childbirth Dilatation Expulsion Placenta
Pages Figure 7

14. Dilation of the Cervix Can last from 3 hours to an entire day
Effacement- thinning out of the cervix
Dilation- widening of the cervix
Beginning contractions are weak & become intense
A mother should go to the hospital when contractions are 5 minutes apart, or her “water breaks”

15. Left: Beginning of labor. Right: End of the first stage of labor.
Dilation of the Cervix
Left: Beginning of labor. Right: End of the first stage of labor.

16. Expulsion- Delivery of the Baby
Baby drops farther down the birth canal, usually head first (CROWNING)
The mother experiences an urge to push the baby out
Continued contractions of the uterus deliver baby (few minutes- few hours)
Once the baby is out and breathing on it’s own the umbilical cord it cut and tied.

17. How will the baby fit?? Passageway expands many times it’s normal size
Fetus’ bones are made of cartilage
Episiotomy (cut perineum)

18. Normal

19. Breech

20. Cesarean

21. Cesarean

22. Delivery of the Placenta
“Afterbirth” is expelled
The uterus contracts tightly to close off the blood vessels that supplied the placenta through the walls of the uterus

23. Early Child Development
The fastest period of growth after birth takes place from birth to age 1.
2 months- can raise head, smile at faces they recognize
4 months- can roll front to back, more regular eating schedule, many babies can sleep through the night
9 months- crawling
1 year- walking/talking
2 years- social independence, toilet training