1. Axial Muscles

2. Skeletal Muscles Attach directly to bone
Exceptions?  diaphragm and tongue
How does muscle contraction work?

3. What are the axial muscles?
Muscles that attach to the axial skeleton
Include: muscles of the head, neck, vertebral column, abdomen, & pelvis
Key terms:
Action
Origin vs. Insertion
Agonist vs. Anatagonist
Synergists
Pulling force ONLY

4. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD & NECK

5. Muscles of Facial Expression
Associated with mouth, eyes, nose, ears, scalp, and neck
Attachments (one or both) or not to bone but to skin!

6. Scalp – aka Epicranium Epicranial aponeurosis Occipitofrontalis muscle
Consists of a frontal belly and occipital belly
Separated by a flat sheet of connective tissue: epicranial aponeurosis
Actions:
Frontal belly – wrinkling forehead, raising the eyebrows, and pulling scalp forward
Occipital belly – tenses / relaxes the scalp

8. Ear
Temporoparietalis
Action: tense the scalp and move the ear flap

9. Eye Corrugator supercilii Orbicularis oculi Corrugator supercili
Action: closes the eye
Corrugator supercili
Action: pull the skin downward and wrinkle the forehead into a frown
Levator palpebrae superioris
Action: “elevates” the upper eyelid
Orbicularis oculi

10. Nose Procerus - vertical Nasalis - horizontal
Action: limited movement / muscles change the shape of nostrils

11. Mouth Buccinator Orbicularis oris Depressor anguli oris
Action: compresses the cheeks when you are eating
Orbicularis oris
Action: shapes the lips for speech, food manipulation, expression
Depressor anguli oris
Action: depress the corners of the mouth
Levator labii superioris
Action: elevates the upper lips
Depressor labii inferioris
Action: depresses the lower lip
Mentalis
Action: elevates and protrudes the lower lip
Risorius
Action: produces grimace-like tensing of the mouth
Associates with pain expression
Clinical applications with tetanus: lockjaw
Zygomaticus major / Zygomaticus minor
Originate on the zygomatic bone and insert on the corners of the mouth
Action: elevate the corners of your mouth when you smile

12. Identify… Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus major
Mentalis
Depressor labii inferioris
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris

13. Neck
Platysma
Action: lowers the mandible and results in an expression of horror and digust!

14. M. L. A. K. J. I. B. H. C. G. F. E. D. Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
Mentalis
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Buccinator
Risorius
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris
Occipitofrontalis (front belly)
Epicranius aponeurosis H. C. G. F. E. D.

15. Muscles of the Eye
Oculomotor / Extrinsic / Extraocular muscles – move the eyeballs
Insert on the sclera (the white part of the eye)
Intrinsic eye muscles – involved in focusing the eye for vision

18. Muscles of Mastication – aka “chewing”
Muscles depress and elevate the mandible to open and close the jaws
Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral / Medial pterygoid

19. Muscles of the Tongue
Root word for each tongue muscle – glossus, (“tongue” in Greek)
Genioglossus
Action: depresses and protracts the tongue (e.g. licking ice cream)
Hypoglossus
Action: depresses and retracts the tongue
Palatoglossus
Action: elevates the tongue / depresses the palate
Styloglossus
Action: retracts the tongue / elevates the sides

20. Muscles of the Neck (Anterior)
Principal muscle: sternocleidomastoid
Suprahyoid muscles (act to elevate the hyoid bone)
Digastric muscle  anterior / posterior belly
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles (act to depress the hyoid bone and larynx)
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

21. Anterior belly
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly
Digastric
Hyoid bone
Superior bely
Stylohyoid cut
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Inferior belly
Sternohyoid

22. https://www. youtube. com/watch

23. MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, ABDOMEN, AND PELVIS

24. Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Organized into superficial, intermediate, and deep layers
Extensor muscle vs. Flexor muscle
Terminology to keep in mind:
Capitis (skull)
Cervicis (neck)
Thoracis (thoracic vert.)
Lumborum (lumbar vert.)

25. Superficial Layer – Vert. Column
Splenius capitis muscle
Splenius cervicis muscle

26. Intermediate Layer – Vert. Column
ERECTOR SPINAE GROUPS
Spinalis cervicis
Spinalis thoracis
Longissimus capitis
Longissimus cervicis
Longissimus thoracis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Iliocostalis lumborum

27. Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

28. Spinal Flexors – Vert. Column (Anterior/Lateral)
Longus capitis
Longus colli – limit extension
Quadratus lumborum

30. Oblique & Rectus Muscles
Slanted relative to the body’s vertical axis
Support the vertebral column, move ribs during respiration, make up the abdominal wall
Also…increase intra-abdominal pressure during urination, defecation, and childbirth

31. Oblique Muscles – Vert.
Scalene muscles  anterior, middle, and posterior
Originate on the transverse process of a C vertebrae and insert on a 1st or 2nd rib
Intercostal muscles  external, internal, transversus
Muscles of the thoracic region
Located between ribs and along diaphragm
Change the size of the chest for breathing
Serratus muscles  superior, posterior / inferior, posterior
Insert on the ribs and assist the intercostal muscles in moving the rib cage
Superior: elevates the rib cage
Inferior: depresses the rib cage

32. Oblique Muscles – Vert. Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

33. Oblique Muscles- Abdominal Region
Linea Alba
Tendinous inscriptions
External oblique muscle – compress/flex the abdomen, depress ribs, rotate vertebral column
Internal oblique muscle - compress/flex the abdomen, depress ribs, rotate vertebral column
Transversus abdominis muscle – compress the abdomen
**NOTICE THE ORIENTATION OF THE FIBERS**

34. Muscles of the Pelvic Region
Form bowl that supports the organs of the reproductive and digestive systems
Pelvic diaphragm – flex the coccyx muscle and tense the pelvic floor
Coccygeus muscle
Originates on ischial spine and inserts on lateral / inferior borders of the sacrum
Levator ani muscle
Originates on the inside edge of the pubis and ischeal spine and inserts on the coccyx
Elevates / retracts the anus

35. REVIEW

37. A. H. B. I. J. C. D. K. L. E. M. F. N. O. G.

42. C. D. A. B.