1. Reforming American Society
Warmup: In the 1800s Americans tried to reform things they saw as damaged… IN your groups or solo Think of 3+ Issues or problems in the USA or even here AT GCIT that need to be improved on or “fixed” Also for each of your three PRoblems propose a possible solution.
Bonus create a Visual Image illustrating a needed Reform…..

2. Reforming American Society
A religious revival sparks reform movements, including calls to outlaw slavery. Factory laborers begin to demand better working conditions. A women’s rights movement forms.
Textile mill in 1834.
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4. Sec 1a Religion Sparks Reform
The Second Great Awakening
Religious Activism
• Second Great Awakening—religious movement, sweeps U.S. after 1790
• Individual salvation depends on his/her own efforts
• Large gatherings; some preachers get 20,000 or more at outdoor camps
Revivalism
• Revival—gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts 4 to 5 days
• Revivalism greatly increases church membership
Image
Continued . . .
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5. Transcendentalism and Reforms1
SECTION
Transcendentalism and Reforms
Transcendentalism
• Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group practicing transcendentalism:
- literary and philosophical movement
- emphasizes simple life
- truth found in nature, emotion, imagination
• Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance into practice, writes Walden
• Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful refusal to obey laws
Image
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6. Slavery and Abolition Section 1 b
As religion is revived….Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working to put an end to it.
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7. Slavery and Abolition Abolitionists Speak Out
The Resettlement Question
1820s over 100 antislavery societies advocate resettlement in Africa
Most free blacks consider themselves American; few emigrate
Whites join blacks calling for abolition, outlawing of slavery
William Lloyd Garrison
• William Lloyd Garrison—radical white abolitionist; founds:
- - American Anti-Slavery Society
• The Liberator calls for immediate emancipation— freeing of slaves
Image
Continued . . .
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8. Free Blacks Frederick Douglass
continued Abolitionists Speak Out
Free Blacks
• David Walker advises blacks to fight for freedom, not wait to get it •
Frederick Douglass
• worked as urban slave, Frederick Douglass: taught to read, write by owner’s wife
• Douglass escapes; Gives lectures for Anti-Slavery Society
• Douglass Publishes a newspaper The North Star: widely read in the North
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9. Nat Turner’s Rebellion
continued Life Under Slavery
Urban Slavery
Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves
Slave owners hire out their workers to factory owners
Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on plantations
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
• Nat Turner, preacher,; led a rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831, about 60 whites killed
• Turner, followers, innocent are captured; at least 200 killed in retaliation
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10. Slave Owners Defend Slavery
Virginia Debate
Virginia legislature debates abolition; motion not passed
Ends the debate on slavery in antebellum (pre-Civil War) South
As Abolitionists Movement gained strength in the North in the South states began to unify in their defense of slavery.
Continued . . .
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11. Vlas:
2nd Great Awakening:
Fredrick Douglass:
Nat Turner:

12. Journal/Discussion Warmup:
1. Are Men and Women TRULY equal today? Why or Why Not?
2. Would you rather go to a high School for all boys? (if you’re a boy) Or to an All girls school? (if you are a girl) Or Should High schools stay mixed as most are now?
What are some advantages and disadvantages are there to same sex schools?

13. The Changing Workplace
Section 2
Women Reformers And
The Changing Workplace
Women reformers expand their efforts from movements such as abolition and temperance to include women’s rights. Also a growing industrial work force faces problems arising from manufacturing under the factory system
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14. Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
Cultural and Legal Limits on Women
• Cult of domesticity—the name for: Customs that controlled the lives of Many women
(only housework, child care for married women
• women earn half of men’s pay for doing same job
• Women: few rights; cannot vote, or sit on juries
• married woman’s property, earnings belong to her husband
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott form women’s rights society (NAWSA)
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15. Women Mobilize for Reform3
SECTION
Women Mobilize for Reform
Women joined Abolitionists
• Middle-class white women inspired by religion join reform movements
• Grimké sisters — work for abolition
- daughters of Southern slave owner
Working for Temperance
• Many women joined a temperance movement—prohibit drinking alcohol
• Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century
• American Temperance Society founded 1826; 6,000 local groups by 1833
Image
Continued . . .
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16. 3
SECTION
continued Women Mobilize for Reform
Education for Women
• Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls past elementary school
• , Oberlin College admits 4 women; first coeducational college
• Other women only schools begin to open…
Would you rather be a school of all boys or all girls or mixed as it is now?
Continued . . .
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17. Women and Health Reform
continued Women Mobilize for Reform
Women and Health Reform
• Elizabeth Blackwell, doctor, opens clinic for women, children
• Catharine Beecher’s national survey finds most women unhealthy
• Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose pants; popular with other women
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18. Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
Seneca Falls
Reform encourages women’s movement,
1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights
“Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on Declaration of Independence
Sojourner Truth
Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth travels country preaching
Later argues for abolition, women’s rights
Continued . . .
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19. Industry Changes Work Rural Manufacturing
• Cottage industry—manufacturers supply materials, goods made in homes
• 1830s Entrepreneurs like Francis Cabot Lowell open weaving factories in MA
• Factories revolutionize industry: cost of household items drops
• With machines, unskilled workers replace artisans
Image
Continued . . .
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20. Workers Seek Better Conditions
Workers Unionize
• Artisans form unions; begin to ask for better wages and safe working places
• 1830s–1840s, 1–2% of workers organized, dozens of strikes
- employers use immigrants as strikebreakers
Chart
Continued . . .
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21. National Trades’ Union4
SECTION
continued Workers Seek Better Conditions
National Trades’ Union
1830s, unions for same trade unite/ standardize wages, conditions
1834, organizations from 6 industries form National Trades’ Union :*** unusual because it represented a variety of occupations!
courts declare strikes illegal
(Strikes take place across Nation against unfair conditions….Factory owners say strikers could be arrested!)
In 1842, Massachusetts Supreme Court upholds right to strike in Commonwealth v Hunt
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22. VLA reviews:
Seneca Falls
2. Lowell MA factory town:
3. Strikes!:
4. Commonwealh v Hunt
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