1. Modeling & Role-Modeling Theory
Helen C. Erickson
Presented by: Claudette Erungel & Elizabeth Semmelmann

2. Professional Background
Saginaw General Hospital of Nursing- 1957
Emergency Room
Medical –Surgical Nurse
BSN University of Michigan-1974
Masters Degree-1976 medical- surgical & psychiatric nursing
PhD Educational Psychology-1984
Holistic Spiritual View
AHNA 2012 Holistic Nurse of the Year

3. History Modeling and Role Modeling: A Theory and Paradigm for Nursing
Published:1983
Contributing Authors: Evelyn M. Tomlin & Mary Ann P. Swain

4. (Reference Figures: Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 1983, p. 45-46)
Wholistic Model
Holistic Model
Wholistic vs. Holistic
(Reference Figures: Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 1983, p )

5. Modeling and Role Modeling Theory
Concepts drawn on:
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Maslow's Theory of Hierarchy of Needs
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Stages
Selye and Lazarus's General Adaptation Syndrome

6. Modeling and Role Modeling Theory
A process that enables the nurse to understand the patient’s unique perspective of his or her world and to learn to appreciate its value and significance.
“…the nurse…develops an image and understanding of the client's world as the client perceives it…" (Erickson, et al., 1983, p. 254)

7. Modeling and Role Modeling Theory
A process by which the nurse accepts the patient unconditionally.
“The facilitation and nurturance of the individual in attaining, maintaining or promoting health through purposeful intervention." (Erickson, et al., 1983, p. 254)
In other words, the patient helps guide the care plan.

8. Nursing Paradigm: The Patient
The patient is the expert!
Unique perspective of his or her world
Combination of body, mind, emotion, & spirit
Think patient-centered care

9. Nursing Paradigm: The Patient
Affiliated Individuation
Support system accepts patient’s individuality
Self-Care
Knowledge - Resources – Actions
Response to stressors
Adaptation Potential
Equilibrium vs. maladaptive equilibrium
Arousal
Impoverishment

10. Nursing Paradigm: The Nurse
Nurses Roles
Facilitation
Nurturance
Unconditional Acceptance

11. Nursing Paradigm: The Nurse
Five goals of nursing intervention
To build trust
To promote the patient's positive orientation
To promote the patient's control
To affirm and promote the patient's strengths
To set mutual, health-directed goals.

12. Nurse-Patient Relationship
(Reference Figure: (Erickson, et al., 1983, p. 44)

13. Nursing Paradigm: The Environment
What can promote optimal health?
Strong support system
External resources
What can detract from optimal health?
Stress and Anxiety
Attachment and Loss

14. Nursing Paradigm: Health
Intrinsic Abilities
Genetics and prenatal/perinatal occurrences
Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome
Physiological response to stress
Psychosocial Stages → attitudes & strengths
Cognitive Abilities → depend on sequence

15. Nursing in the 1970s Hospice founded in 1971
Center for Research created from Division Nursing grant in 1975
Nurses Health Study began in 1976
Promotion of minority nurses
Nurse Practice Act
National Certification programs for nursing specialties began
Critical nursing shortage due to Medicare expansion

16. What does this mean? Nursing research became recognized.
Nursing training moved from hospital setting to universities and colleges.
More nursing specialties were established (ex. Nurse Practitioner and Doctorate of Nursing).
Focused patient care became more defined.
First nurse strike happened. Salaries improved.
Nursing force became more diverse.

17. Educational impact on nursing
1997-American Association of College of Nursing
“…baccalaureate nursing schools have the responsibility to provide education that emanates from nursing’s core values, which include caring for the person, facilitating healing, and protecting the environment.” (Erickson, 2007)
2004-American Holistic Nurses’ Certification Corporation offers two holistic nursing certifications (HN-BC & AHN-BC)

18. Modern Practical Use of MRM
Acute Setting
Patient perceptions of care (HCAHPS) guide Medicare hospital reimbursements
Example: Depression Diagnosis and Hospital Readmissions

19. Modern Practical Use of MRM
Long Term Care
Nursing roles of facilitation, nurturance, and unconditional acceptance are essential for optimal health.
“…people could die and still be healthy if they experience comfort and peace in their mind and soul and were connected with loved ones.” (Erickson, 2007)

20. Modern Practical Use of MRM
Ambulatory Care
Currently, health plans and hospitals are establishing care management teams to case manage, educate, and promote self-care of patients with complex chronic disease using individualized care plans.
This team reduces readmission rates and ED visits.
The focus is connecting the patient with resources, establishing a better support system, and developing coping skills for stress and anxiety.

21. Modern Practical Use of MRM
Cultural competency
ETHNIC framework
Complimentary/alternative modalities (CAM)
Integrative medicine
Patient-centered care

22. Reference List
Erickson, H. L. (2007). Philosophy and Theory of Holism. Nursing Clinics of North America, 2,
doi: /j.cnur
Erickson, H. L., Tomlin, E. M., & Swain, M. P. (1983). Modeling and Role-Modeling: A Theory and Paradigm for
Nursing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Sappington, J. and Kelley, J. H. (1996). Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory: A Case Study of Holistic Care.
Journal of Holistic Nursing, 14:2,
Nursing Planet | Nursing Theories. (2012). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from
Why I Want To Be A Nurse . Org | Erickson Theory. (2011). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from
theory.php
Why I Want To Be A Nurse . Org | Helen C. Erickson-Nursing Theorist. (2011). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from
Nursing Theory | Helen C. Erickson-Nursing Theorist. (2013). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from