1. Unit: Earth’s Lithosphere
Dynamic and Uplifting Forces
Earthquakes, Earth’s Interior and Plate Tectonics

2. Go to page 10 ESRT
How do we know? We don’t…..we infer from earthquake behaviors.

3. Earthquakes http://www. vcsd. k12. ny
1. _______________: sudden release of __________ that builds up along faults and boundaries in the _____________.
2. ______________ ________and moves outward in all directions

4. 3. waves can be _________________, __________________, _________________ and ______________ at interfaces

5. 4. There are different types of ____________
4. There are different types of ____________. The energy is released at once, but not all the waves travel at the _________ _________

6. 5. _____________ ‘P’ waves
a. ‘P’ or primary waves are the _________ (like lightning is faster than thunder)
b. these are _________________ and can pass through anything.

7. 6. ‘S’waves are _______________
a. about _______________of ‘P’ waves
b. ____________________________ (can’t go through outer core)
c. are ______________:

8. 7. ‘L’ or love/____________ waves
a. combination of various motions
b. only noticeable when the earthquake is __________ __________.
b. roll the ground
c. only at surface
d. cause most damage

9. 8. Measuring Quakes http://rev.seis.sc.edu/earthquakes.html
a. ___________________: location with a seismograph that picks up quake waves:

10. animations Animation of a quake:
and many other animations and videos:
The shaking:
Link to animation of each wave in earth:
and simple animations: 1 A complete PowerPoint presentation that uses Seismic wave animations
For little animations, etc of quake information:

11. 9. Measuring _______________
a. Magnitude is the _______________ of the waves: it indicates the _______________ when the crust MOVED during the quake.
B. Uses __________________________scale of 1-10, but it’s logarithmic

13. 10. Terminology a. The _________________________of the actual quake
b.__________ is the point on the surface above the focus c.________ is a break along which the crust moves

14. d. __________________: how far below the surface depends on the _______________: Volcanoes of the World.kmz

15. 11. The __________________________: how much did it affect people and their property? Measured using the ________________

16. 12. _________________________ http://neic. usgs
12. _________________________
a. The seismograms from _____________ seismic stations are used to find the _______ of an earthquake.
b. The _______________________for EACH seismic station are used to determine how far that station is from the ________________.

18. c. ________________ Find _________ between arrival of s and p waves.
Find a place on the graph where the S and P lines are that far apart.
Read down to x-axis. That’s the distance from station to quake.
P arrived 6.5 minutes before S
6.5 “
5000 km

19. d. Draw a circle around the station
So far, you only know how far you are, but not what direction….
Use a compass to draw a circle of the correct radius on a map.
The quake is somewhere on that circle.
5000 km

20. e. To find the EPICENTER
You must make two more circles to ___________

22. 13. ______________ Loose soil exacerbates (intensifies) the shaking.
Hard, cold bedrock diminishes the shaking.
liquifaction.ppt

23. 14. Planning for Earthquakes
__________________________: classifies earthquakes according to INTENSITY: how they impact humans and their property. Scale of I-XIV
How badly an area is affected by the earthquake depends on:
________________________
_______________________
Population density
Type of material the waves travel through….

24. iv. Safety measures during and after an earthquake NewMadridEQ.ppt
for earthquake suggestions
i. _____________________: most in danger because on ___________________.
ii. Areas on ________________, such as the Mississippi River Valley (New Madrid Fault) can be at great risk
iii. Most preparation involves good building and preparedness techniques.
iv. Safety measures during and after an earthquake
NewMadridEQ.ppt

25. Chilean quake February 27, 2010: http://rev. seis. sc
Chilean quake February 27, 2010: to check on Chile
Argentina seismogram
New Mexico seismogram

26. Sesimogram from Binghamton, NY for Haiti quake
for quake houses
link to current quake maps.
Sesimogram from Binghamton, NY for Haiti quake

28. Earth’s Interior
Inferred properties

29. A. The Inner Core Believe it is ________ ______________
. earth is so dense, it means the __________ must be made of a material much _________ than the crust.
___________ from space have far more iron and nickel in them than does earth’s crust.
Earth has a ___________.

30. B. Earth has layers
1. Earthquake waves tell us earth _________________. There are internal layers.
______________ mostly solid and the source of minerals
The _________________ is directly under the lithosphere, and is capable of flow.
_______________ is mostly iron and nickel and is liquid
___________ is solid and iron and nickel

32. How did it happen?

33. Early ‘proto-earth’
Loose accumulation of material rotates and tightens
Continuously ‘smashed’ by meteors, space debris, comets: accretion
Internal heat flow allowed liquid, dense metals (iron and nickel) to sink to the center
Silicates actually ‘fell’ as rock from sky, creating crust
A ‘planet’ hit early earth, superheating it and creating the moon.