1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE
TEST- THURSDAY APRIL 2!!

2. Pages 169 - 171 1A) Flexion 1B) Plantarflexion 1C) aBduction = AWAY
1) First up – go back in time and make sure you remember the 13 Types of Movements (including hyperextension). It will be important that you still know these when asked about the functions of the muscles. Complete the following examples: 1a) What is the movement that decreases the angle between bones? 1b) Standing on your toes? 1c) What is the movement of the arms away from the body midline? d) Standing on your heels?
Pages
1A) Flexion
1B) Plantarflexion
1C) aBduction = AWAY
1D) Dorsiflexion

3. Muscles work with the skeletal system to produce movement
2) What are at least four major functions of the muscular system? No one word answers and cannot use “protection” as a function. For ex: The skeletal system is largely responsible for the protection of internal organs.
Pages 157 – 158
Muscles work with the skeletal system to produce movement
Muscles help us to maintain our posture
Muscles generate heat by contracting
Muscles stabilize our joints

4. 3) What are the three types of muscle
3) What are the three types of muscle? List at least two characteristics for each (striated, in/voluntary, uni/multinucleated).
Page 155 Skeletal muscle: voluntary, striated Cardiac muscle: involuntary, striated Smooth muscle: involuntary, no striations

5. 4) List the seven characteristics used to name muscle – think LADSNOR!
Page 173 L = location A = action D = direction of fibers S = shape N = number of origins O = origin & insertion R = relative size

6. 5) What is the attachment of a muscle to the stationary bone called?
Page 168 Attachment to the stationary bone (immovable or less movable bone) is called the ORIGIN

7. 6) In terms of muscles – what is the function of a prime mover
6) In terms of muscles – what is the function of a prime mover? A synergist? An antagonist?
Page171 Prime mover: muscle that “gets all the credit” Synergist: helps the prime mover by producing the same movement Antagonist: does the opposite of the prime mover

8. 7) Now time to review face and neck muscle function
7) Now time to review face and neck muscle function. Complete the following examples: 7a) Which muscles work together to move the mandible? 7b) What is the prime mover of neck flexion? 7c) What muscle is the “smiling” muscle? d) What is the prime mover of neck/head extension?    
Pages 183 & 185 7A) Masseter & Temporalis 7B) Sternocleidomastoid 7C) Zygomaticus 7D) Trapezius

9. 8) Muscle Chart! Yea  - Know the location of muscles and basic function to be able to recognize them! Complete the following examples: 8a) What muscle group extends the leg at the knee? 8b) What major muscle dorsiflexes the foot? c) What is the prime mover of plantarflexion? d) What is the prime mover of arm abduction? *Also look over the “Name that Muscle” practice examples.
Page 183 & 185 8A) Quadriceps group 8B) Tibialis anterior 8C) Gastrocnemius 8D) Deltoid

10. 9) What is fascia? Can you describe the location of and label the following layers: epimysium (on/upon), perimysium (around), endomysium (inside)?
Page 156 Fascia  layers of connective tissue covering and separating muscles EPIMYSIUM: covers entire muscle PERIMYSIUM: covers a bundle of fibers (the fascicle) ENDOMYSIUM: covers each muscle fiber

11. 10) What is one contractile unit of the myofibers (muscle cells) called? What are bundles of myofibers called?
Page 158 and Page 156 The contractile units are called SARCOMERES! Bundles of myofibers = fascicle

12. 11) On the microscopic level – when the muscle contracts what happens to the length of the thick and thin filaments? Why is it called the “sliding filament theory”?
Page 158
The thin filaments slide inward toward the center of the sarcomere and the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments are completely overlapped.

13. 1) the axon terminal of the nerve cell NEURON
12) What are the two major components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
Pages 160 – 161
1) the axon terminal of the nerve cell NEURON
2) The sarcolemma of the muscle cell MYOFIBER

14.   13) For a skeletal muscle to contract what happens at the neuromuscular junction? Briefly explain how the terminal ending of a motor neuron stimulates a skeletal muscle to contract? Remember acetylcholine (ACh) is a chemical neurotransmitter.
Pages 160 – 161 Nerve impulses stimulate the release of the neurotransmitter ACh which is a chemical message sent across the synaptic cleft to the sarcolemma.

15. Contraction Cram NOTES
14) What substance blocks the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?
Contraction Cram NOTES
Botulinum toxin BOTOX blocks the release of the neurotransmitter
ACh and temporarily
PARALYZES the muscle

16. that creates striations
15) Specifically, what is responsible for the banding pattern (striations) seen in skeletal muscle cells?
Page 158
Thick (MYOSIN) and thin (ACTIN) filaments OVERLAP each other in a pattern
that creates striations

17. *MARIEB TEXTBOOK “SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS” and “AT THE CLINIC” Page 191
Answer the following questions in COMPLETE SENTENCES to be turned in on WEDNESDAY APRIL 1st.
 Short Answer Essays: #’s 1 (P 157), 2 (P 155), 3 (P 158), 4 (P 156), 5 (P 156)
 Short Answer Essays: #’s 16 (P 183 – 185), 17 (P 175), 18 (P 181) , 19 (P 181)
 At the Clinic: #’s 1, 2, 3 (you should already have the answers to these questions)

18. *DIAGRAM REVIEW Review the following Diagrams:
A  Skeletal Muscle Fascia (Epimysium, Perimysium, and Endomysium)
B  Sarcomere Anatomy
C  Neuromuscular Junction Basics
D  Muscles Diagram – Review all Muscles!

19. DIAGRAM A  FASCIA Tendon Epimysium Endomysium Perimysium Fascicle
Myofiber

20. DIAGRAM B  SARCOMERE
Z disc
H zone
M line
A band
8. sarcomere

21. Mitochondrion (mitochondria) Synaptic cleft Myofiber (sarcolemma)
DIAGRAM C  NMJ
Neuron
Mitochondrion (mitochondria)
Synaptic cleft
Myofiber (sarcolemma)
ACh neurotransmitter
sarcomere