1. Phoenicia
Bronze Age - Persia

3. Independent Cities Trading partners and rivals
Phoinix -> Phoenician
Murex dye

5. Tyrian Purple

6. Byblos ‘Oldest continuously inhabited city in the world’
Neolithic (7,000)
Papyrus
Cedars

7. Cedars of Lebanon

8. Egyptians First Dynasty mastabas use Byblos cedars
Egyptian word for sea boat is a ‘Byblos ship’
Close ties into New Kingdom – shift from Byblos to Tyre

9. Sea Peoples?!
Phoenicians?
Massive Levantine Collapse ca 1200

10. Hiram of Tyre Ascendency of Tyre
Sends builders to Jerusalem to build Solomon’s temple
Secures trade with David and Solomon
Mumbai-Middle east?

11. Phoenician Colonial Presence
Gades (Spain)
Balaeric Islands
Sardinia
Leptis Magna (Africa)
Carthage
Half of Cyprus and Sicily

12. Carthage, 814 BC
Elissa,Dido
Pygmalion
Sychaeus

13. Sidon Glass, swordsmiths, dye, textiles – Homer and Vergil
Most easily conquered Phoenician town (Persians – Crusades)
Synonymous with Arabic for ‘fishery’
Soap (13th c AD)

14. Phoenicia's Most Important Legacy
Alphabet
Abjad (A, B, G, D)
*Colonial legacy in North Africa and Spain

15. Glottal Consonants (from Mrs Awad)