1. 12.1 – 12. 2 DNA Structure and Replication pgs. 326 - 332
Mrs. Einstein

2. Do Now True or False? Correct the false statements.
The first cloned animal was a tadpole.
You inherit more from your father if you are a boy.
Identical twins do NOT have the same DNA.
All humans share 75% of their DNA.

3. Objectives SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide
SWBAT label the different parts of a DNA molecule.
SWBAT create their own DNA molecule.

4. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material pgs. 326 - 332
I. Discovery of the Genetic Material

5. When was DNA discovered?
We are going to study the scientists who helped to discover DNA.
We are going to read and become an expert on each scientist and then teach another group!

6. Do Now: DNA stands for: DNA is located: The function of DNA is to:
**** Take out your jigsaw activity****

7. DNA DNA stands for: DNA is located: The function of DNA is to:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is located:
In the nucleus of cells
The function of DNA is to:
Tells the cells how to produce proteins that make you up (Blueprint)

8. Why do we care about bacterial transformation?
Genetic Research
Antibiotic Resistance

9. 1928 Fred Griffith -
Studied two strains of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Worked with two strains of bacteria: Rough Strain and Smooth Strain
S strain causes pneumonia and the R strain does not

11. Griffith Cont. S strain: Heat killed S strain: R Strain:

12. 1928 Fred Griffith -
Discovered that something from the heat killed wild type (smooth) bacteria was turning the mutant (rough) type bacteria into smooth.
Called it the transforming factor
Didn’t really know what it was

13. Avery
Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain
Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released
R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells.
Many people did not believe that it was DNA, not protein that transformed genes

14. Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses
1. Have their own genome (genetic make up) made of either DNA or RNA
2. Does not have enzymes, ribosomes, or ATP
3. Have external protein shells (capsids)

15. Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses
4. Infect only specific cells
5. 2 life cycles (lytic and lysogenic)
Lytic – breaks out and spreads
Lysogenic- hangs around
6. Smaller than bacteria

17. When a virus attacks a cell…
Let’s try to put these in order….

18. Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

19. Hershey and Chase
Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein
Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses

20. Hershey and Chase Radioactive Labeling:
Used radioactive phosphorus (32P) to identify DNA in the bacteriophages
Used radioactive sulfer (35S) to identify proteins in the bacteriophages

21. Hershey and Chase Tracking DNA
Radioactive bacteriophages infected bacteria cells
After review results found radioactive sulfur outside of bacteria cells and radioactive phosphorus inside bacteria cells

22. Hershey and Chase

23. Do Now 1. Briefly describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment.
What did they conclude?

24. DNA Structure
Levene discovered that DNA is made of nucleotides

25. Erwin Chargaff
Chargaff’s rule: C = G and T = A

26. Rosalind Franklin X-ray Diffraction use of photo 51
X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA
Indicated that DNA was a double helix

27. X-Ray Crystallography

28. Watson and Crick
Built a model of the double helix that conformed to the others’ research
two outside strands consist of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other by three hydrogen bonds
thymine and adenine bases pair to each other by two hydrogen bonds

29. Do Now
1. What is a virus?
2. Why is a virus NOT considered a living thing?
3. What are the two types of life cycles of viruses? Briefly describe each.

30. Do Now 1. Briefly describe Griffith’s experiment
2. What did he conclude?

31. Chapter 12
Molecular Genetics

32. Do Now – Hershey and Chase Experiment
What did radioactive phosphorous indicate?
What did radioactive sulfur indicate?
What was the conclusion of this experiment?

33. Objectives
SWBAT explain what Chargaff, Franklin, and Watson/Crick discovered.
SWBAT create a timeline of the scientists that discovered DNA.
SWBAT label parts of the DNA molecule
SWBAT describe how a chromosome coils.

34. THINK-PAIR-SHARE
Create a timeline of all the scientists and what they discovered.

35. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material pgs. 326 - 332
II. DNA Structure

36. DNA Structure Nucleotide is made of: 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose)
Phosphate Group
Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)

37. Nitrogen Bases

38. DNA Structure

39. DNA Structure DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder.
Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate.
The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine with 3 h bonds or thymine–adenine with 2 h bonds) form the steps.

40. -2 Strands of DNA form a helix
Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder
-2 Strands of DNA form a helix

41. Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel
On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′.
The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.

42. Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)

43. Label the parts of the DNA molecule
Label the parts of the DNA molecule

46. Do Now – label A, T, C, G

47. Do Now (Use the picture to answer the questions)
1. How many nucleotides are pictures?
2. How many…
A. sugars?
B. phosphate?
C. Total bases?
D. adenines?

48. Objectives 1. SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide
2. SWBAT create their own strand of DNA using template sugar, phosphate, and bases.

49. Lab PICK UP: HANDING IN: One sequence per group One packet per group
2 question worksheets
HANDING IN:
1 DNA diagram
2 Sets of questions.

50. A good way to study

51. DO NOW: What is DNA? Where is DNA found?
What do scientists know about our DNA?
How do we apply this DNA technology?

52. Objectives SWBAT list and identity the characteristics of viruses
SWBAT label a diagram of the life cycle of a virus
SWBAT explain Hershey and Chases experiment and it’s importance to the discovery of DNA

53. 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material pgs. 326 - 332
III. Chromosome Structure

54. Chromosome Structure
DNA coils around histones (proteins) to form nucleosomes,
This coils to form chromatin fibers.
The chromatin fibers supercoil to form chromosomes that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.

55. Do Now
How do you think your DNA gets in every cell of your body? Explain.

56. Objectives
SWBAT define semiconservative replication, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase, and replication.
SWBAT explain how DNA Replicates
SWBAT extract DNA out of a strawberry.

57. Do Now 1. Find the complementary sequence of DNA: ATCGGATATAGC
2. What bonds form between the sides of DNA?
3. What type of sugar is in DNA?
4. What does 3’ mean?

58. Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)

59. 12.2 Replication of DNA pgs. 333 - 335
I. Semiconservative Replication

60. Semiconservative Replication
Parental strands of DNA separate
Each strand serve as template
DNA molecules produced have one strand of parental DNA and one daughter strand

61. Steps to DNA Replication 1. Unwinding
DNA helicase (enzyme) unwinds and unzips the DNA – breaking the hydrogen bonds between the strands
RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand.

63. Steps to DNA Replication 2. Base Pairing
DNA polymerase (enzyme) adds complementary nucleotides to parent DNA strand
Only adds to 3’ end of new DNA strand

64. 2. Base Pairing (cont.)
Two daughter strands of DNA are made differently
Leading Strand- Built continuously with out breaks
Lagging Strand- makes several small fragments of DNA
Built discontinuously
Pieces are called Okazaki Fragments
Fragments are connected by DNA Ligase

65. DNA Replication

66. Steps to DNA Replication 3. Joining
DNA Polymerase removes RNA Primer and fills it in place with DNA nucleotides
DNA ligase links two sections

67. Animations of DNA Replication

68. Do Now What is DNA replication? Why is it called semiconservative?
Where does DNA replication take place?

69. Do Now
Label the DNA Replication Diagram

72. Do Now
Label the DNA strands.

73. 12.2 Replication of DNA pgs. 333 - 335
II. Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

74. Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic DNA unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated.
In prokaryotes, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication.