1. Happy Wednesday 
Take out your class notes and be ready to start when the bell rings!.

2. Finding a Common Trait Game
Move around the room… I’ll call out a number and you need to form a group with that many people and find something you ALL have in common.

3. Reconstruction Today’s LEQ: How did Reconstruction change the U.S.?
Rebuilding the Nation…

4. Problems the Nation Faced after the Civil War
The Civil War ended in 1865 with the Union (North) winning.
After the Civil War, the North and the South had to be rejoined.
The South was devastated and had to be rebuilt.
2/3 of the South’s shipping industry was destroyed
9,000 miles of railroad tracks were destroyed
Southern farms were destroyed and/or the property value greatly decreased.

5. What is Reconstruction?
Reconstruction was the controversial plan to rebuild the nation after the devastation of the Civil War.

6. What is Reconstruction?
13th Amendment - passed in 1865; abolished slavery
4 million African Americans were freed from slavery after the Civil War
Reconstruction offered a huge opportunity to provide freedom and equality to African Americans

7. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
10% of white men to swear allegiance to the Union, and accept emancipation of slaves
Former confederates could run local governments

8. Presidential Reconstruction
President Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 and never had the chance to put his plan into practice
Vice President, Andrew Johnson faced the task of rebuilding the nation

9. Presidential Reconstruction
The first plan for rebuilding the nation was known as Presidential Reconstruction
President Johnson was a democrat from the South
Formerly condemned slavery but had no concern for former slaves
Radical Republicans disagreed with Johnson’s plan
Think: How might President Johnson’s personal experience have impacted his ideas for Reconstruction? (Video Clip)

10. Presidential Reconstruction
Lenient, rapid, and involved little change
Granted amnesty to former Confederates who signed loyalty oath
Restored all property, except slaves and confiscated lands
Ratified 13th amendment: abolished slavery
Cancelled war debt

11. Problems with the Plans of Lincoln & Johnson
Freedmen had no role in either plan & no guarantee of rights!

12. Brainstorm…
List five things ex-slaves probably wanted with their freedom in your notes. Be ready to share!

13. What ex-slaves wanted with their freedom…
To travel freely
Right to own land / economic independence
Find and reunite with relatives
Right to an education
Equality; freedom from prejudice
Add these to your notes if they weren’t on your list.

14. Freed Slaves (Freedmen) New life in poor economic area Homeless Hungry
Southern Hardships
Freed Slaves (Freedmen)
New life in poor economic area
Homeless
Hungry
Unemployed

15. Land was often seized by the government
Southern Hardships
Plantation Owners
Loss of slave labor
Land was often seized by the government

16. Poor White Southerners Competing against freedmen for jobs
Southern Hardships
Poor White Southerners
Competing against freedmen for jobs
Many migrated to Mississippi and Texas for jobs

17. Plantation Life Changes
Freedman now have choice – to stay or to leave
Plantation owners now have to pay salaries for labor
Read “A Letter to a
Former Master”

18. Freedmen’s Bureau Developed to help former slaves
Provided food, schools, legal help, etc
Unpopular with many white southerners
Vetoed by Johnson
Text Rendering Activity

19. Step 1
Get to know Andrew Johnson and Oliver O. Howard…

20. Read “The Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1865”
Step 2
Read “The Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1865”
While you’re reading, identify three goals of the Freedmen’s Bureau (underline or circle)
Be ready to share 

21. Goals of the Freedmen’s Bureau
Supervise and manage all abandoned lands and “all subjects relating to refugees and freedmen from rebel states”
In your own words?
Issue provisions, clothing, fuel, and shelter for destitute refugees and freedmen
The authority to set apart abandoned or confiscated lands for use by freedmen and refugees with the possibility of purchase of such land after three years

22. Step 3 Read through President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation
While you’re reading, identify the goal(s) of President Johnson’s amnesty (circle or underline)
Be ready to share 

23. President Johnson’s Amnesty Proclamation
Goals: Pardon most white Southerners and return their lands to them
Think, Pair, Share – How would this hinder the Freedmen’s Bureau?

24. Step 4
Read through Circular #13
While you’re reading, identify the goal(s) of Oliver H. Howard (circle or underline)
Be ready to share 
Circular orders were the commissioner’s means of communicating orders

25. Step 5 Read through Circular #15
While you’re reading, identify the goal(s) of this document (circle or underline)
Be ready to share 

27. Resistance to Reconstruction
Southern states legislatures found ways to resist Reconstruction
Passed Black Codes- laws intended to restrict the freedom & opportunities of African Americans.

28. Black Code Sample The Black Codes
Here is an edited example of one of the Black Codes:
The Black Codes
Now that the slaves have become emancipated, it is necessary to pass regulations that preserve public order. These regulations must also preserve the comfort and correct behavior of the former slaves. Therefore, the following rules have been adopted with the approval of the United States military authorities who have commanded this area.
1) Every Negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of that Negro.
2) No public meetings or congregations of Negroes shall be allowed after sunset. Such public meetings may be held during the day with the permission of the local captain in charge of the area.
3) No Negro shall be permitted to preach or otherwise speak out to congregations of colored people without special permission in writing from the government.
4) Negroes may legally marry, own property and sue and be sued in a court of law.
5) Negroes may not serve on juries.
6) A Negro may not testify against a white person in a Court of Law.
7) It shall be illegal for a Negro or a person of Negro descent to marry a white person.
8) No Negro shall be permitted outside in public after sundown without permission in writing from the government. A Negro conducting business for a white person may do so but only under the direct supervision of his employer.
9) No Negro shall sell, trade, or exchange merchandise within this area without the special written permission of his employer.
10) No Negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry firearms or any kind or weapons of any type without the special written permission of his employers.

29. Resistance to Reconstruction
Fifteenth Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote; Southern states resisted with:
Poll Taxes
Literacy Tests
Grandfather Clause protected poor white Southerners
Activity: 1965 Alabama Literacy Test

30. Resistance to Reconstruction
Fourteenth Amendment made former slaves citizens; made Black Codes illegal
South resisted by implementing Jim Crow Laws – “separate but equal”

31. A Northern Journalist's Perspective
“The whites seem wholly unable to comprehend that freedom for the negro means the same thing as freedom for them. They readily enough admit that the Government has made them free, but appear to believe that they still have the right to exercise over him the same old control.”
-Sidney Andrews, Atlantic Monthly, 1866

32. Further Resistance in the Form of Terror Groups
White Brotherhood
Knights of the White Camelia
Ku Klux Klan
Swore that they were “opposed to negro equality, both socially and politically.”
Terrorized blacks & white Republicans
Tactics including burning black schools, attacking Freedmen’s Bureau officials, and even murder.
Video Clip

33. Homework: Take Fives OR Magnets
You have a choice. You may complete a Take Five Summaries OR Magnet Strategies (w/paragraph summary) on the two readings provided:
“Black Codes”
“The Klu Klux Klan”
Dragons aren’t real.
Do your homework…
One summary for each…