1. Classification

2. What is classification?
A system used to place organisms in specific categories based on characteristics.

3. How are organisms classified?
They are placed into common groups and then assigned a unique scientific name.

4. How are organisms named?
Through the use of a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature.

5. How is binomial nomenclature used?
Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name called the genus and the species. It is always written in italics and the first word is capitalized.
Ex. Grizzly bear > Ursus arctos
Ursus – genus
Arctos - species

6. What systems have been used to classify organisms?
Linnaeus’s System (Traditional method of classification called Taxonomy)
Modern Evolutionary Classification

7. Describe Linnaeus’s System
Linnaeus’s system grouped and named organisms based on studies of their different characteristics, mainly external.

8. Linnaeus’s system con’t
Linnaeus’s system used taxonomic categories or rankings.

9. Taxonomic Rankings from largest to smallest
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

10. Problems with taxonomy
Taxonomists relied strictly on body structure to classify organisms instead of other obvious characteristics.
Ex. A whale would be considered a fish. A bat would be considered a bird.

11. Describe Modern Evolutionary classification
This classification system grouped organisms based on their phylogeny not just physical similarities.
Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species.

12. Evolutionary history were based on the following:
Structural Similarities
Breeding Behavior
Geographical Distribution
Chromosome Comparisons
Biochemistry

13. Structural Similarities
Shared physical structures
-different types of cats
-dandelion, sunflower

14. Breeding Behavior
How animals attract the opposite sex.
-frogs croak…birds chirp…baboons have colorful backsides

15. Geographical Distribution
Location of species

16. Chromosome comparisons
Chromosomes nearly identical in structure
-cauliflower, cabbage, kale
-Chimpanzees, humans, gorillas

17. Biochemistry Similar DNA sequences Red panda and raccoons
Giant pandas and bears

18. Quiz Why was the use of Linnaeus’s system a problem? Define phylogeny.
Name the taxonomic rankings in order from smallest to largest.
Name two things that are considered when using Evolutionary classification.
Which system is used to name organisms?

19. Homework What is a cladogram?
Complete the Quick lab on page 453 in your textbook.

20. The six kingdoms

21. There are six kingdoms listed from least specialized to most specialized
Eubacteria (Moneran)
Archaebacteria (Moneran)
Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

22. Eubacteria (prokaryotes)
10,000 species; very strong cell walls; live in moist habitats except the extreme ones;cause diseases

23. Archaebacteria (prokaryotes)
Few hundred species; live in extreme environments- swamps, deep ocean, oxygen-free environments

24. Protists
Eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems; live in moist areas; unicellular multicellular; heterotrophs;

25. Fungi
Unicellular or Multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment

26. Plants
Multicellualr, photosynthetic eukaryotes, contain chloroplasts and have cell walls made of cellulose.

27. Animals
Multi-cellular, eukaryotic consumers; able to move from place to place.
Body structure is radial or bilaterally symmetric

28. Exercise
Around the room there are several cards with illustrations of organisms. Based on the characteristics provided. Identify the kingdom each organism belongs to. If the organism belongs to the Animal kingdom, identify if the organisms exemplifies bilateral or radial symmetry.

29. Homework
Describe the Three-Domain System