1. Famous People in Human Geography
AP Human Geo

2. Borchert
4 stages of urban evolution based on the impact of transportation and communication
Sail –Wagon ( )…associated with low technology
Iron Horse ( )…steam powered locomotive and spreading rails
Steel-Rail ( )…full impact of the Industrial Revolution
Auto-Air ( )… gas powered internal combustion engine

3. Burgess Concentric Zone Model Theory (1920’s – Chicago) CBD
Zone of Transition
Blue Collar Workers
Middle Class
Suburbs
The model is dynamic - as the city grows, the inner rings encroach on the outer rings

4. Christaller Central Place Theory
Explains the number , size and location of human settlements in an urban system
Organized by hexagons to eliminate unserved or overlapping market areas
Range – distance a person is willing to travel for a good or service
Threshold – minimum number of customers to keep the business running
Hinterland – the market area

5. Eratosthenes Father of Geography
He was the first person to calculate the circumference of the earth (with remarkable accuracy)

6. Harris Multiple Nuclei Model
CBD is losing its dominant position as the nucleus of the urban area
Separate nuclei become separate and differentiating (economic nodes)

7. Hoyt Sector Model Theory Pie shaped wedges
Low-income housing could extend from the CBD to the outer edge
The same is true with high-rent, transportation, and industry
Focused on transportation in and out of the central city

8. Huntington Environmental Determinism
Human behavior is strongly affected by – even controlled or determined by – the physical environment
Cold climates = smarter
Doesn’t hold much water – people and their cultures shape environments, constantly altering the landscape and affecting environmental systems

9. Mackinder Heartland Theory
Rich resource “pivot area” extending from eastern Europe to eastern Siberia.
Believed land supremacy was the key
Eventually helped lead to N.A.T.O.
“Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland”
“Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island”
‘Who rules the World Island commands the world”

10. Malthus Population will outrun food supply
Food supply grew linearly, whereas population grew exponentially, compounding on the year before.
Author of An Essay on the
Principal of Population

11. Ptolemy
Wrote Guide to Geography

12. Ratzel Geopolitics – organic theory
Linked the state to a living organism which needs land to survive
Negative affiliation as Hitler used this rhetoric to justify his conquering of Europe

13. Ravenstein Laws of Migration
Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration
Migrants move a sort distance
Migrants who move longer distances favor big city destinations
Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas
Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

14. Sauer
Cultural Landscape
Agricultural origins

15. VonThunen Agricultural Zones Market Forest (wood for fuel)
Dairy/Gardening (intensive agriculture)
Commercial grain (extensive agriculture)
Ranching – livestock

16. Wallerstein World Systems Theory Global division of labor Capitalism
Core, periphery, semi-periphery

17. Weber Least Coast Theory
Best place for manufacturing: transportation, labor, agglomeration

18. Wegner
Pangaea, continental drift

19. Whittlesey
11 agricultural climatic regions