2. Federalist Period: John Adams

3. Development of Political Parties
Washington “above” politics, but a federalist
Federalist party emerges
John Adams, Hamilton, etc
Characteristics
Pro industrial development
Pro British
Pro strong central government
“Looser” interpretation of Constitution
Prominent Federalists

4. Election of 1796 First post-Washington election John Adams (F) – 71 EV
Thomas Jefferson (D-R) – 68 EV
Thomas Pinckney (F) – 59 EV
Aaron Burr (D-R) – 30 EV
President = John Adams (F)
VP = Thomas Jefferson (D-R)

5. President, VP From Different Parties
Constitution
President to be person with most EVs
VP to be person with second most EVs
No concept of “ticket” or pres, VP running together
Founders did not anticipate rise of political parties
Became big problem in Adams’ Admin.
VP Jefferson
Pres. Adams

6. President Adams: Foreign Policy
Continued neutrality
Adams wanted to stay out of war between Britain, France
Problem: Jay’s Treaty angered French, so they began attacking American shipping
Adams sent diplomats to negotiate with French (Pinckney, Gerry, Marshall)
French (in distance) bearing down
on damaged American ship

7. John Adams: XYZ Affair
Three French agents demanded $250k bribe, $12 million loan to help French fight wars and public apology just to let Americans see French foreign minister
Americans went home, instead
Americans (at left) facing French
revolutionary demands, in US
newspaper cartoon

8. John Adams: XYZ Affair
Jefferson demanded to see reports from diplomats (Why?)
Released to public, changing French agents’ names to X, Y and Z
Huge public outcry: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”
Token handed out during XYZ Affair

9. John Adams: “Quasi-War”
Quasi-War: No declaration, but French, American warships attacked each other and merchant ships
American negotiators offered French same terms as Jays Treaty, but French refused
Convention of 1800: Adams renegotiated treaty
US drops claim for damaged merchant ships
France released US from alliance of 1778
Weakened US affection for French
USS Constellation – active during
Quasi War

10. Federalist v. Democratic-Republican Roundup
Issue
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Leaders (name two)
Alexander Hamilton
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
National v. State Governments
Favored a strong central government with the power to control commerce, tax, declare war, and make treaties
Sought to limit the role
of the national
government, favoring
local control
Interpretation of the Constitution (Strict v. Loose)
Loose interpretation allowed the government to make laws that were necessary to promote stability and economic growth
Strict interpretation prevented the federal government from trampling citizen rights which would lead to tyranny
French Revolution
Opposed the Revolution and opposed American support for anti-monarchy groups
Supported the Revolution and called for American assistance

11. Federalist v. Democratic-Republican Roundup
Issue
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Jay’s Treaty
Supported as an effort to build better relations with the British
Opposed. More positive relations with France were favored
Hamilton’s Economic Plan
Supported enthusiastically
Opposed. Hamilton’s plans were seen as aiding his cronies, Northern states which had not yet paid off their debts, and as generally weakening the power of the states
Alien & Sedition Acts
Supported as necessary to prevent growth of D-Rs and to
limit criticism of Federalist officials
Opposed, along with the enlarged army, as a threat to citizen’s
individual liberties.
Region(s) of Support
New England
South/West

12. John Adams: Domestic Affairs
Alien-Sedition Acts (1798)
Alien Friends Act
Authorized the president to deport any resident alien considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.”
Aimed at French sympathizers
Alien Enemies Act (still in effect)
authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States
Naturalization Act
Extended the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens to 14 years
Sedition Act
made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials
Fight in Congress during debate
over Sedition Act, 1798

13. John Adams: Domestic Affairs
Reaction to Sedition Act
Jefferson: Unconstitutional!!
First Amendment
Tenth Amendment
No Judicial Review yet (M v M in 1803) – thus, exercise of “undelegated powers” by Feds
TJ, James Madison introduce KY and VA Resolutions
Called on states to nullify laws
Compact theory: US made up of voluntary union of states giving some power to central gov’t; but states do not give away their sovereignty
If state’s sovereignty violated, then state had right to nullify Federal act or secede from union
“Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the
Press . . .”
“The powers not delegated to
the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by
it to the States, are reserved to
the States respectively, or to
the people.”

14. John Adams: Domestic Affairs
Alien-Sedition Acts in Action
No aliens deported (many fled)
25 people, mainly D-R newspaper editors, arrested under Sedition Act (incl. 1 congressman!)
11 tried, 10 convicted
Federalist Party Declines
Federalists tossed out of office
After his election, President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under Sedition Act
The power of the press . . .

15. The 1800 Election
One of the nastiest elections ever (slander, personal attacks)
Jefferson v. Adams
Campaign destroyed friendship, for years
Jefferson, Burr tie; election goes to Federalist House
On 35 ballots, deadlocked 8 states to 8 states
On 36th ballot, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to change vote to Jefferson (Burr was personal enemy)
Jefferson (D-R) 73
Burr (D-R) 73
J. Adams (F) 65
Pinckney (F) 64

16. 1800 Election Aftermath 12th Amendment
President, VP run as a ticket
Each elector casts 1 vote for a president, & 1 vote for a VP
President, VP must win absolute majority of EC votes
Deadlocks go to House, where each state gets one vote for any of top 3 tickets
Federalists lose control of legislature, Fed bureaucracy
Adams: Midnight appointments to judiciary (eventually leads to Marbury v. Madison)
Boston Sentinel, 1801

17. John Adams Administration Report Card Analysis

18. Election of 1800