1. Introduction to Science
Physical Science

2. The goal of science is to understand the natural world we live in.
Why Science??
The goal of science is to understand the natural world we live in.
Scientist hypothesize in order to try to explain what they think will happen in a certain situation

3. Steps of the Scientific Method
Ask a question​
Form a hypothesis​
Design an Experiment​
Record data and analyze results​
Make a Conclusion

4. Designing an Experiment
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
The factor you change on purpose
Example:
The size of the engine.
The amount of fertilizer on plants.
There can only be ONE independent variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The result of what you changed
The speed of the car.
Growth rate of the plants.

5. What are we testing here?

6. CONSTANTS
Factors (variables) you try to keep the same to make the comparison “fair”
Example:
Test the speed of the car on the same track with the same car.
Same amount of water & light for the plants

7. CONTROL GROUP
An experiment where one group receives no treatment. This group is used for comparison.
Example:
Speed of a car that did not get a larger engine.
Growth rate of a plant that did not get any fertilizer.
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
The group that has had the independent variable added to it.
The car with the bigger engine.
Growth rate of a plant that did receive fertilizer.

8. Scientists ALWAYS confirm results
REPEATED TRIALS
Repeat the experiment to increase
confidence in your results.

9. Metric System
Scientists use a standard unit of measurement called the International System of Measurement (SI) The metric system is a different way of measuring things. The practice is the same, but different units are involved.

10. Measurement ​
Units used​
length ​
meter (m)​
volume ​
liter (L)​
mass ​
kilogram (kg) ​
force ​
Newton (N)​
temperature ​
Degrees Celsius (oC) ​
or Kelvin (K)​
time ​
seconds (s)​
work ​
Joules (J)​
power ​
Watts (W)​
Energy​

11. Metric System Every measurement will include one of the base words.
The metric system uses Prefixes too.
Every prefix is related to the base units. But how is that possible…

12. Metric System The prefixes for large measurements….
KILO (k) 1 kilometer = 1000 meters
HECTO (h) 1 Hectoliter = 100 liters
DECA (da) 1 Decagram = 10 grams

13. Metric System The small measurements…
DECI (d) – 1 decimeter = 1/10 meter
CENTI (c) – 1 centiliter = 1/100 liter
MILLI (m) – 1 milligram = 1/1000 gram

14. King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk
Kilo
Hecto
Deca
Base
Deci
Centi
Milli

15. When you are converting from one unit to another unit
First figure out what you are starting with
Then where (which direction) you are going!
If you move to the right (aka big to small) then you move the decimal to the right.
If you move to the left (aka small to big) then you move the decimal to the left.

16. Try this one. 1 meter = ______ hectometer 1st- Figure out your starting point and where you are going! K h da b d c m 2nd – Find the Decimal and move it the same way and number you moved in step 1.

17. And this one. 2.5 kilograms = ______ grams 1st- Figure out your starting point and where you are going! K h da b d c m 2nd – Find the Decimal and move it the same way and number you moved in step 1.

18. K h da b d c m Last one! 17.504 deciliters = ______ decaliters
1st- Figure out your starting point and where you are going!
K h da b d c m
2nd – Find the Decimal and move it the same way and number you moved in step 1.

19. Graphing in Science Graphs help show data quickly and efficiently.
Graphs can show trends in the data
Common Graphs of Science Data
Bar Graphs
Circle Graphs
Line Graphs (We will use line graphs for nearly every graph this year!)

20. Label the axes Create a scale Plot the data Draw a line Add a title
Graphing Procedure
Label the axes
Independent Variable on X-Axis
Dependent Variable on Y-Axis
Create a scale
Consistent Points (go up by the same amount)
Scales can be different for x-axis and y-axis
Plot the data
Draw a line
Add a title

21. Types of Trends Positive Linear Trend When one variable increases
The other variable increases
Negative Linear Trend
The other variable decreases

22. Types of Trends Positive Non-Linear Trend When one variable increases
The other variable increases
Changing Non-Linear Trend
What’s going on here?

23. No Trend
Can be used to determine that the variables do not really have any cause/effect relationship.
May be affected by something not being tested