1. Blood Grouping Or Blood Types

2. Objectives
1.ABO System
ABO Transfusion Reaction
2.Rh Blood Type
Rh -transfusion reaction

3. more than 35 blood groups, have been identified.
The ABO blood group
Rh blood group
Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, Lutheran, and MNSs.

4. ABO Blood Systems agglutinogens.
The most important and best known of these are the A and B antigens.

7. Agglutinins (Antibodies): Antibodies against red cell agglutinogens are called agglutinins which are present in the plasma. The agglutinins are gamma globulins and they are produced by plasma cells (which are originated from B-lymphocytes) system. Most of them are IgM (have 10 binding sites) and IgG (have two binding sites).

8. Table: blood groups their agglutinogens, agglutinins and % .
Universal donor 45
Anti-A, Anti-B - O 41
Anti-B A 10
Anti-A B
Universal recipient 4
A,B AB

9. ABO Transfusion Reactions:
Transfusion: is the transfer of blood or other solutions from the donor into the the blood of patient (or recipient). Transfusion reaction or agglutination (clumping): is the reaction between agglutinogens in the donor's red blood cells and agglutinins in the recipient's plasma.

11. Type O Type AB Type B Type A - +
Table: The compatibility & incompatibility between donors & recipients blood transfusion.
Donor
Type O
Type AB
Type B
Type A - +
Recipient

12. . The clumping of RBC is occurred by the binding sites of agglutinins -----can attach RBC’s----result clumping of RBC’s occurs----- plug small blood vessels hemolysis of RBC----
bilirubin rise ---- renal damage with anuria and death.
So one of he most lethal effects of transfusion reaction is kidney shutdown and the person dies of renal failure.

14. Indications for blood transfusion
1- Decreased blood volume.
2-Treating anemia, thrombocytopenic patients with new platelets & hemophilic patients with plasma.

15. Q1: Historically people with AB blood were called universal recipients
Q1: Historically people with AB blood were called universal recipients .What is the rationate for this term? Explain why the term is misleading?
Q2.Historically people with O blood were called universal donors. What is the rationate for this term? Explain why the term is misleading?

16. Practical
1.ABO blood groups
2.Rh.blood group
3.cross matching test