1. President Andrew Jackson
Chapter 10: A Democratic Revolution: 1800—1844
During the presidency of Andrew Jackson the power of the presidency increased despite American society becoming more democratic. Assess the validity of this statement.
President Andrew Jackson
“King”Andrew?

2. What is the American Democratic Revolution?
What are the characteristics of this revolution?
How are things changing?
What are the effects of this revolution on the U.S.

3. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

4. Voter Turnout:

5. Why Increased Democratization?
White male suffrage increased – new states introduce universal male suffrage.
Party nominating committees. Begun by a third party.
Voters chose their state’s Presidential electors.
Spoils system.
Rise of Third Parties.
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)
Democrats (1828)

6. What were
the key issues
in 1828?

7. Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree

8. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

9. 1828 Election Results

10. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians – spoils system “Turn the rascals out, put our rascals in.”
Immigrants in the cities.

11. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man”
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. Notables
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

12. The Reign of “King Mob”
The Inaugural Brawl!

13. Andrew Jackson as President

14. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”
Eaton was the wife of Sec. of War and other wives thought she was an adulteress, so they refused to sit with her at dinner. Jackson demanded, and the cabinet resigned, Calhoun then fell out of favor with Jackson. Van Buren befriended Eaton and thus Jackson “chose” Van Buren to succeed him as president.

15. The
Tariff
Issue

16. 1832 Tariff Conflict
1828 “Tariff of Abomination” reenactment signed in 1832
South Carolina’s reaction? – Nullification (The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, by V.P. Calhoun)
Jackson’s response? Military Force Bill
Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff? Gradual reduction ( )

17. The
Nullification
Issue

18. “The Nullies” v Jackson
John C Calhoun (VP Under Adams and Jackson) wrote South Carolina Exposition (1828)
a federal law that is harmful to states can be declared null and void via a convention of the people. (Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions-Jefferson/Madison)
Jackson’s Response – Threatened military force and “Force Bill”
What steps were taken to avoid a military conflict?

19. Jackson's
Native-American
Policy

20. Jackson and The Native Americans
1828 The Cherokee Tribes of Georgia wrote and adopted a constitution with 3 branch government.
Georgia declared the Cherokee Assembly illegal (SC ruled in favor of Indians)
Cherokee Nation v Georgia – state has no authority in tribal legislation
Worcester v Georgia – same ruling by John Marshall
Jackson’s Response:
“John Marshall had made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
How does this quote from Jackson show his increasing strength as President?

21. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

22. Indian Removal

23. Trail of Tears ( )

24. Indian Removal Act of 1830
100,000 Indians moved from east of Mississippi
1832 – Black Hawk War
Osceola and Florida Seminoles
“Trail of Tears” 14,000 Cherokees, 116 days – 3,000 deaths (25%)
100 million acres given up
$68 million paid out, 32 million acres in West

25. Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

26. Jacksonians on States’ Rights
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
States, not federal government, had power to enter into contracts regarding infrastructure, transportation.
Maysville Road Veto - I am not able to view [the Maysville Road Bill] in any other light than as a measure of purely local character.... It has no connection with any established system of improvements; [and] is exclusively within the limits of a State [Kentucky]....

27. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

28. Renewing the Charter of the Second Bank of the United States

29. The National Bank Debate
President Jackson
Nicholas Biddle

30. “The Hydra of Corruption” – The Bank Wars
Nicholas Biddle – President of Bank of US
Functions – print stable currency, keep federal money, control gold and silver, source of credit
1832 – Clay and Webster wanted to use the renewal of the charter to embarrass the President – if he passed the charter he would anger his followers, if he vetoed it the wealthy would be upset.
How did the veto increase the power of President?

31. Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
“Soft” (paper) $
“Hard” (specie) $
state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely.
supported rapid economic growth & speculation.
felt that coin was the only safe currency.
didn‘t like any bank that issued bank notes.
suspicious of expansion & speculation.

32. “The Moneyed Monster” The Bank War
1833 Jackson removed most Federal money from Bank of US
Effect – Contributed to the Panic of 1837
“Pet Banks”
Specie Circular – US Treasury required all new land purchased be secured with gold or silver. (1836)

33. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
“pet banks”?
1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went bankrupt!

34. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

35. Hydra of Corruption

36. An 1832 Cartoon:
“King Andrew”?

37. 1832 Election Results
Main
Issue?

38. The Specie Circular (1836) “wildcat banks.”
buy future federal land only with gold or silver.
Jackson’s goal?

39. Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes lose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!

40. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

41. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

42. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death)

43. “The Era of the Common Man”
Social mixture
Universal Male Suffrage
Popular Campaigning
Increased Power of President (through veto)
Kitchen Cabinet
Roger Taney in Supreme Court

44. Thesis Statement
During the presidency of Andrew Jackson the power of the presidency increased despite American society becoming more democratic. Assess the validity of this statement.