1. Photosynthesis How do autotrophs get their energy?

2. Standard Cell Biology 1F
Students know useable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through the synthesis of sugar.

3. At the end of this lesson…
Students will know all energy on Earth comes from the sun
Students will be able to create a flow map illustrating photosynthesis

4. What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work or grow
All Energy on the earth comes from the sun
Plants and animals get their energy in different ways.

5. ATP is the unit of energy for all cells
ATP: Energy for Cells
ATP is the unit of energy for all cells
ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.

6. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make energy for themselves
Photosynthesis uses the energy from the sun to make glucose and take carbon from the air (CO2 ) to use for growth

7. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
Chloroplasts contain the pigment Chlorophyll, which absorbs certain wavelengths of light.

8. Photosynthesis

9. The Photosynthesis Reaction
Carbon Dioxide and water combine in the presence of sunlight to make glucose (a sugar) and oxygen gas.
Why is light necessary? Why are plants necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

10. Photosynthesis Occurs in 2 steps:
Light Dependent Reactions
Takes in water
Gives off energy molecules called ATP
Gives off Oxygen
2. Calvin Cycle
Takes in Carbon Dioxide
Gives off glucose

11. Light Dependent Reactions:
Chloroplasts capture light energy
Takes place in the Thylakoid (Stack of membranes in chloroplast)
Require water and sunlight
Water is split, releasing hydrogen ions
Hydrogen ion is used to attach a phosphate group to ADP, making it ATP
Visualizing Light Dependent Reactions

12. Step 2: The Calvin Cycle
The Calvin Cycle uses carbon dioxide and creates carbohydrates, or glucose.
6 molecules of carbon dioxide are used to create 1 glucose molecule
6 ATP molecules are required to create 1 glucose molecule

13. Where does the glucose go?
Glucose is used in plant cells to make starches
Starches are stored in vacuoles until they are needed later by the plant
Plants use transport systems like blood vessels to move starches throughout the plant
To grow, plants combine Carbon that they get from Carbon dioxide and glucose to build new tissues
Plants are consumed by heterotrophs, who use the starches for their own energy.

14. Cellular Respiration
How do autotrophs and heterotrophs break down sugar to get energy?

15. How do animals (and plants) get energy?
Animals convert the glucose stored in plants into ATP for their own use
This process is called Cellular respiration
The equation for this process is the OPPOSITE reaction from photosynthesis:

16. Cellular Respiration takes place in the mitochondria
Occurs in 3 steps:

17. Cellular Respiration: Oxygen is the Key!

18. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration occurs in three steps:
Step 1: glycolysis
Glycolysis means “To break down sugar”
Cell breaks down glucose from the food we eat
Turns glucose into pyruvate, which can be used to make ATP
Two molecules of ATP are made in the process of glycolysis

19. Step 2: Krebs Cycle
Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate.
The Krebs Cycle takes the pyruvate made in glycolysis and creates 2 ATP molecules

20. Step 3: Electron Transport Chain!
The electron transport chain produces the most ATP in the process of Cellular Respiration
Concentration gradients inside and outside of the mitochondrion create 32 ATP molecules

21. What are the numbers? Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Creates a total of 24 ATP molecules
Creates a total of 36 ATP molecules
Food and ATP

22. Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Requires oxygen
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport
28 ATP total
No oxygen
Glycolysis followed by fermentation
4 ATP total

23. Fermentation (anaerobic)
Lactic Acid
Alcohol Fermentation
Can build up in skeletal muscle = soreness
In microorganisms, used to make yogurt, cheese and sour cream
Sugar cane -> rum
Wheat -> beer
Potatoes -> vodka
Grapes -> wine
Agave -> tequila
Rice -> sake

24. How does all of the breaking down and building of molecules occur?
Enzymes!

25. Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that help to speed up chemical reactions
Proteins are made of chains of amino acids, which are present in all of our (naturally created) food
There are thousands of enzymes present in every cell of your body
Each enzyme has a specific function
Enzyme names usually end in –ase (such as hydrolase)

26. Properties of Enzymes Enzymes are not used up in reactions
The same enzyme can be used over and over to combine the same molecules
An enzyme is like a tool: you can use the same hammer over and over again to nail together boards.