1. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 12

2. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CONSISTS OF 2 PARTS
LYMPHATIC VESSELS- transport fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system called LYMPH
2. LYMPHATIC ORGANS- (lymph nodes)- filter the fluid and kill off invaders with lymphocytes

3. Lymphatic Vessels
Very similar to veins with lymph capillaries becoming successively larger and eventually called LYMPHATIC COLLECTING DUCTS. Have valves very similar to veins that help to move lymph RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT – collects lymph from the right arm and right thorax and right head- drains into the subclavian vein THORACIC DUCT- collects lymph from the rest of body – drains into the sub clavian vein

4. LYMPH NODES
-KIDNEY SHAPED -ABOUT 1 INCH LONG -about 1000 found in the body -contains large amounts of lymphocytes –B cells and T cells -FOUND IN CLUSTERS IN 3 MAJOR REGIONS 1. AXILLARY– (armpit) 2. CERVICAL- (side of neck) 3. INGUINAL- (groin)

5. LYMPH ORGANS
SPLEEN THYMUS TONSILS PEYER’S PATCHES

6. SPLEEN
Located on the left side and curls around the stomach Filters the blood of bacteria, viruses and other debris Breaks down worn out RED BLOOD CELLS so hemoglobin can be reused. Storage site of blood. Produce Lymphocytes

7. THYMUS Produces hormones- thymosin that programs lymphocytes
Located low in the throat
More active in youth

8. TONSILS
Lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx- Trap bacteria entering the pharynx May become sore and swollen called --- TONSILITIS

9. PEYER’S PATCHES
“tonsils” of the small intestine Capture bacteria that are found in the digestive system. MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE(MALT) consists of tonsils and Peyer’s patches which protect the respiratory and digestive tracts from never-ending invasion

10. NON SPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEMS
SKIN- SWEAT contains a low pH level preventing bacterial growth SEBUM- contains chemicals toxic to bacteria VAGINAL SECRETIONS- highly acidic

11. NON SPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
STOMACH- hydrochloric acid is highly acidic
SALIVA- contains lysozomes- enzyme that kills bacteria
MUCUS- traps organisms from entering the digestive and respiratory systems

12. Immunity
New particles take longer to identify, and a person remains ill until a new antibody can be crafted
Old particles are quickly recognized, and a person may never become ill from that invader again. This person is now immune.

13. CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
STEM CELL– undifferentiated cells made in the red bone marrow (can become Lymphocytes or Granulocytes)
LYMPHOCYTES-
NATURAL KILLER CELLS- protect us from tumored cells and virus infected cells
B CELLS- (bone cells) lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow-produce antibodies, help present antigens., and form Memory B cells
T CELLS- (Thymus cells) lymphocytes that mature in the thymus- do not produce antibodies– but do release chemicals to spend up phagocytosis by MACROPHAGES- become T HELPER cells that help in the maturity of B cells and Cytotoxic T cells that aid tumored cells and in organ rejection

14. CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
GRANULOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS- 1st responder to infection site- “phagocytize”
EOSINOPHILS- phagocytize parasites and help with allergic reactions and asthma
BASOPHILS– contains vasodilator HISTAMINE and anticoagulant HEPARIN with aide in the INFLAMMATION RESPONSE
MONOCYTES- stored in the spleen can become MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS

15. DENDROCYTE

16. 2 types of responses 1. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE- general
2. ANTIGEN SPECIFIC RESPONSE-

17. INFLAMMATION RESPONSE---
(Histamines)

18. ANTIGEN Any substance capable of setting off an immune response.
Almost all things are ANTIGENIC (including our own cells) but our body had learn to identify our cells and these SELF-ANTIGENS (Human leukocyte antigen- HLA) do not trigger an immune response in us.

19. Antibody Production
1. MACROPHAGES-gobble up invading particles and break them up
They show the ANTIGEN pieces to T-cells, who identify the pieces
T CELLS help to find specific B-cells to help
B-cells produce antibodies that are equipped to find that specific antigen on a new cell.
Memory B cells are also made- for future attacks

20. ANTIBODIES
also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses
May be free flowing or attached to B cells

21. Active Immunity You produce the antibodies
Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through:
Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You fought it, you won, you remember it
Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed or weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and remember it
What is this second type of exposure called?

22. Vaccine----Passive Immunity
Antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce immunity
Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur
Have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the Earth, such as polio and smallpox

23. Immune Disorders ~Allergies~
Immune system mistakenly recognizes harmless foreign particles as serious threats
Launches immune response, which causes sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes
Anti-histamines block effect of histamines and bring relief to allergy sufferers

24. Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Discovered in 1983
Specifically targets and kills T-cells
Because normal body cells are unaffected, immune response is not launched

25. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS- immune system attacks the myelin sheath of the nervous system
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
GRAVES DISEASE