1. Day 92: America Moves to the City
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute
January 24, 2017
A.P. U.S. History
Mr. Green

2. America Moves to the City
Objectives: Students will: Describe the rise of the American industrial city, and place it in the context of worldwide trends of urbanization and mass migration (the European diaspora). Describe the New Immigration, and explain how it differed from the Old Immigration and why it aroused opposition from many native-born Americans. Discuss the efforts of social reformers and churches to aid the New Immigrants and alleviate urban problems, and the immigrants’ own efforts to sustain their traditions while assimilating to mainstream America. AP Focus Industrialization sparks urbanization, and cities become magnets for immigrants. Those who can afford to leave behind the hustle and bustle of urban life move to the budding suburbs. See the table in The American Pageant (13th ed., p. 560/14th ed., p. 598). Demographic Changes is an AP theme. The late nineteenth century sees a surge of immigration, now from eastern and southern Europe. Most encounter living and working conditions not appreciably better than what they had left. The tenement floor plan (13th ed., p. 561/14th ed., p. 599) shows typical living conditions for impoverished urban workers.

3. Chapter Focus
Chapter Themes In the late nineteenth century, American society was increasingly dominated by large urban centers. Explosive urban growth was accompanied by often disturbing changes, including the New Immigration, crowded slums, new religious outlooks, and conflicts over culture and values. While many Americans were disturbed by the new urban problems, cities also offered opportunities to women and expanded cultural horizons.

4. Announcements
Read page : On Friday, please identify the major takeaways from each section in that page range.
Quiz on Wednesday, covering Monday and Tuesday

6. The Urban Frontier
Cities across the world expanded Impacts of urbanization commuters-electric street cars, subways urban lifestyle attraction consumerism rather than virtues of thrift skyscrapers crime sanitation slums, dumbbell tenements fires

7. The Shift to the American City
This chart shows the percentage of total population living in locales with a population of twenty-five hundred or more. Note the slowing of the cityward trend from 1970 on.

8. The New Immigration
2 million immigrants between 1850s and 1870s 5 million in the 1880s Prior to 1880-British Isles/Western Europe-Germany/China After 1880-southern/eastern Europe Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles 19% of immigrants in 1880s-early 20th century 66% of immigrants

9. Old and New Immigration (by decade)

10. Southern Europe Uprooted
European Diaspora A dispersion of a people from their original homeland European cities growing vigorously as a result of fish/grains from U.S. cultivation of the potato America letters Profit-seeking Americans Savage persecutions Birds of passage-25% between

11. Reactions to the New Immigration
Immigrants received no support from federal and state governments Many turned to city “bosses” Bosses traded jobs/services for votes “Social Gospel” churches address social issues of the day Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago 1889 Settlement houses women’s activism/social reform Women workers were single, as work for married women was taboo

12. Narrowing the Welcome Mat
Native born Americans concerned with the New Immigrants religion culture high birthrate not Anglo-Saxon-they would disappear corruption cheap labor political beliefs American Protective Association Anti-Catholic Use as strikebreakers, hard to organize 1882-paupers, criminals, convicts and Chinese 1885-banned foreign workers under contract 1886-Statue of Liberty

13. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
Liberal Protestants ( ) reconcile Christianity with new scientific/economic doctrines rejected biblical literalism stories as models for behavior stressed ethical teachings of Bible Roman Catholics 1900-largest single denomination Judaism Salvation Army-from England Church of Christ, Scientist-heal the sick YMCA, YWCA

14. Darwin Disrupts the Churches
Natural Selection nature blindly picked organisms for survival or death based on random, inheritable variations they possessed 1875 many scientists embraced theory of organic evolution Clergy response to Darwin Initially, most rejected Darwin 2 groups by 1875 Scripture as the infallible Word of God gave rise to fundamentalism in 20th century accommodationists tried to reconcile Darwinism with Christianity Science began to explain more of the external world

15. The Lust for Learning
By 1870, more states made grade school education compulsory Prior to the Civil War, there were few public high schools, mainly private academies By 1900 there were 6,000 public high schools with free textbooks Teacher training schools Kindergartens from Germany Catholic parochial schools Chautauqua movement nationwide public lectures Illiteracy rate 20% in % in 1900

16. Booker T. Washington and Black People
Headed the Black normal and industrial school in Tuskegee, AL Taught trades to gain self respect/economic security Accommodationist Washington did not challenge white supremacy Avoided issue of social equality economic independence would be the answer George Washington Carver

17. W.E.B. Du Bois did not support Washington’s position Argued Washington condemning African- American race to manual labor and inferiority Demanded complete equality for blacks Founded the NAACP talented tenth Differences between the two highlights the contrasting lifestyles of the North and South

18. Hallowed Halls of Ivy
Morrill Act of 1862 provided grant of public lands to the states for education Land Grant Colleges-state universities Hatch Act of 1887 extended Morrill Act federal money for agricultural experiment stations Philanthropic colleges Cornell Stanford University of Chicago Universities Johns Hopkins

19. The March of the Mind
Education moved away from a religious framework to more practical and specialized instruction Elective system Field of concentration Specialization Medicine Louis Pasteur Joseph Lister William James-pragmatism truth of an idea to be tested by its practical consequences

20. The Appeal of the Press
Growth of the public library Carnegie contributed $60 million for 1,700 libraries By ,000 free circulating libraries in U.S. Causes for demand in literature Linotype Sensationalism sex, scandal, human-interest stories Yellow Journalism William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer

21. Apostles of Reform
Henry George single-tax idea 100% tax on windfall profits from selling property Edward Bellamy “Looking Backward” Main character wakes up in the year 2000 to see America a socialist state

22. Postwar Writing
“Dime novels” or paperbacks virtue triumphed General Lewis Wallace Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ anti-Darwinist crowd Horatio Alger juvenile fiction survival of the purest non-drinkers, non-smokers, nonswearers Walt Whitman “O Captain! My Captain!” Emily Dickinson published after her death

23. Literary Landmarks
Samuel Langhorne Clemens Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Stephen Crane “Red Badge of Courage” Charles Francis Adams History of the US. During the Admin of Jefferson and Madison Paul Laurence Dunbar-Poet Charles W. Chesnutt realism black dialect “Sister Carrie”

24. The New Morality
Anthony Comstock “Comstock Law” sexual purity-confiscated “obscene pictures, items used for abortions Increases in divorce rates Women had a sense of a new morality as a result of working women’s independence

25. Families and Women in the City
Emotionally isolated places increase divorce rate work habits family size National American Woman Suffrage Association Linked suffrage to traditional definition of women’s roles Most states by 1890 permitted wives to own/control property after marriage Excluded African-Americans

26. Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform
Increase in liquor consumption after the Civil War immigrants accustomed to the Old Country Women’s Christian Temperance Union Frances E. Willard Carrie Nation Anti-Saloon league American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Red Cross-1881

27. The Business of Amusement
Vaudeville Minstrel shows Circus Baseball Basketball Football Boxing Croquet condemned for showing female ankles and flirtation Safety Bicycle

28. Discussion
1. What new opportunities and social problems did the cities create for Americans? 2. In what ways was American urbanization simply part of a worldwide trend, and in what ways did it reflect particular American circumstances? How did the influx of millions of mostly European immigrants create a special dimension to America’s urban problems? 3. How did the New Immigration differ from the Old Immigration, and how did Americans respond to it? 4. How was American religion affected by the urban transformation, the New Immigration, and cultural and intellectual changes?