1. Vertebrate Animals Bio I
DOMAIN- Eukarya
KINGDOM- Animalia
PHYLUM- Chordata
SUBPHYLUM- Vertebrata
CLASS- 7 different
ORDERS- 10 Placental mammals

2. Characteristics of all Vertebrates
Backbone
Endoskeleton
Distinct Skull
Bilateral Symmetry
Closed Circulatory System & chambered heart

3. Types of Egg Layers
Ovoviviparous = eggs are fertilized inside the parent and hatch inside the parent and are born live
Oviparous = eggs are laid in a nest or in the ground and hatch
Viviparous = internal fertilization with live born young (as soon as the egg is fertilized, it becomes an embryo and develops as a fetus).

4. Class Agnatha Hagfish and lampreys Jawless & finless
Skeleton of cartilage
Reproduce sexually
Gills
Oviparous
Lamprey – an ectoparasite
Hagfish – a detritivore

5. Class Chondrichthyes Ex. Sharks and rays
Endoskeleton made of cartilage
Paired fins
Jaws
Lateral line system (for sensing vibrations in water—like an “ear”)
Scales
Oviparous, Ovoviviparous, or Viviparous—depends on species

6. Class Osteichthyes
Tuna, perch, bass, clown fish, eels, seahorses, goldfish, catfish, etc….
* One of the most successful groups on Earth – ever!
Endoskeleton made of bones
Swim bladder
Usually, external fertilization & oviparous (think caviar)
Lateral line system
Scales different from those in sharks

7. Class Amphibia Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts Ectotherms
Need H2O for breeding
Metamorphosis (tadpole  frog)
Gas exchange through moist skin & mouth; primitive balloon-like lungs
External fertilization
Oviparous
3-chambered heart
Many have chromatophores in the skin for coloration, as well as poison glands for defense

8. Class Reptilia turtles, snakes & lizards, crocodiles
Ectotherms – bask and hide to regulate temperature*
Scaly, waterproof skin
Respire through lungs only**
Internal fertilization
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous (depending on species)
3 or 4 chambered heart
Nitrogenous waste is a paste rather than a liquid for water conservation; uric acid
Extinct reptiles include dinosaurs and pterosaurs, which dominated the Earth during the Triassic period

9. Class Aves Birds Endothermic Internal fertilization Oviparous
Beaks and claws modified for specific niche
Classified as reptiles by many taxonomists
Digestive system modified for diet, including crop & gizzard

10. Aves modifications for flight:
Only organism with feathers (modified scales) for flight and insulation
Hollow bones - make bird lightweight
Front limbs modified into wings
Air sacs to aid in breathing at high altitudes
Unique muscle tissue for sustained, intense use

11. Class Mammalia
Humans, bears, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, whales, elephants, mice, koalas, platypus
Endothermic – hair and layer of fat aid in conserving heat
Hair –aids in insulation
Mammary glands – produce milk to feed offspring
Internal fertilization
2 species of monotreme; oviparous
Marsupials and placentals are viviparous

12. Three Categories of Mammals
Monotreme- egg laying mammal
Marsupials- young develops outside the body in a pouch
Placental- young develops in uterus

13. 3 categories of mammals 1. Monotremes
- mammals that lay eggs, have hair, and produce milk with mammary glands
Ex. Echidna (eh-kid-nuh) and platypus

14. - embryo develops in a uterus with a placenta
Marsupials
- embryo develops in a uterus with a placenta
Immature fetus is born into a pouch called a marsupium.
All marsupials live in Australia with the exception of the opossum, which can be found in the Americas.

15. Placentals
Placental mammals develop in a uterus attached to a placenta until at a comparably advanced stage of development
Widespread on earth – found in every major biome, including marine, arctic, and tundra.
Many orders of placental mammals. 10 discussed as follows:

16. Orders of Placental Mammals
Rodentia- razor sharp teeth (rats, squirrels)
Lagomorpha- fused hind leg bones (rabbits)
Chiroptera- flying mammals (bats)
Carnivora- eat meat (lions, tigers, wolves)
Cetacea- Blow holes to breathe (dolphins, whales)
Insectivora- eat insects (moles, shrews, hedgehog)
Artiodactyla- even # of toes (cows, sheep, goat, pigs, hippos, camels)
Perissodactyla- odd # of toes (horse, zebra, rhino)
Proboscidea- trunks (elephants)
Primates- opposable thumbs (apes, monkeys, humans)