1. Material World – Metals and Fuels
Year 10 Review
Material World – Metals and Fuels

2. 1. All matter is made up of atoms. Label the parts of the atom.
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Shell
Hint: the red particles are positive A B C D

3. 2. Fill in the missing symbols and names of the elements.
Hydrogen Chlorine
He K
Lithium Silicon
Beryllium Sodium
B Mg
Carbon Fluorine
N O
Aluminium Sulfur

4. H2O = 2 x H and 1 x O CO2 2FeS C6H12O6 3O2 MgCl2 Ca(OH)2
3. Work out what type and how many atoms are in a compound by looking at its formula.
H2O = 2 x H and 1 x O
CO2
2FeS
C6H12O6
3O2
MgCl2
Ca(OH)2

5. What is an Ion?
An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
Atoms which lose electrons become positively charged (cations).
Atoms which gain electrons become negatively charged (anions).

6. Ions
Other elements are reactive and when they react their atoms finish with a stable structure with the same electron configuration as the closest inert gas.
atoms achieve this by losing or gaining electrons to give a full outer shell of electrons

7. Copy the following down and draw the electron structure of sodium (Na)11 23
Nucleus
sodium has 11 electrons. These are arranged in shells 2
The inner shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
The outside shell has the remaining __ electron 8
Electron structure
= 2,8,1 1

8. Forming an ion - Look at the electron structure of a neutral Na atom11 23
Nucleus
For sodium to get a full outer shell what will happen to the Na atom when it reacts?
Electron structure
= 2,8
Ans – the Na atom loses one (-) electron. The Na atom now has 1 more (+) proton than (-) electrons and so a Na+ ion is formed ,1

9. Use your periodic table to to fill out the following table and determine the following ions

10. Electrons to gain/lose
Symbol of element
Number of electrons
Closest
inert gas
Electrons to gain/lose
Formula of ion O 8 Ne
Gain 2
O2- Cl 17 Ar
Gain 1
Cl- K 19
Lose 1 K+ Mg 12
Lose 2
Mg2+ S 16
S2- Al 13
Lose 3
Al3+ Br 35 Kr
Br- Na 11
Na+ I 53 Xe I- Ba 56
Ba2+

11. Ionic Compounds form between +ve and –ve ions
sodium chlorine
Use Lewis dot diagrams Cl Na 1+ 1-

12. Reactant + Reactant Product
Ionic Compounds
How do we write the Formula?
Reactant + Reactant Product
Na+ + Cl- NaCl

13. Ionic Compounds
lithium oxygen Lithium oxide Li2O 1+ Li O 2- Li 1+

14. Reactant + Reactant Product
Ionic Compounds
How do we write the Formula?
Reactant + Reactant Product
Li+ + O2- Li2O 2

15. 8. Match the test with the gas it tests for.
1. Hydrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Carbon dioxide
A. Limewater will change from clear to white; a lit splint will go out
B. A lit splint blown out will relight
C. ‘pop’ test – a flame goes out with a ‘pop’

16. 9. Give a use and a reason for that use for each metal listed.
Gold
Copper
Mercury
Chromium
Aluminium
Gold – jewellery (shiny)
Copper – pots (good thermal conductor)
Mercury – thermometer (expands when heated)
Chromium – mag wheels (shiny, doesn’t stain)
Aluminium – bikes (strong/lighter than other metals)

17. 9. Give a physical property and chemical property for each metal listed.
Copper
Zinc
Magnesium
Aluminium
Does not react with oxygen or acid
Malleable/ductile/Shiny/good thermal
and electrical conductor
Reacts with oxygen
And acid
Malleable/ductile/shiny silver when sanded
Gold – jewellery (shiny)
Copper – pots (good thermal conductor)
Mercury – thermometer (expands when heated)
Chromium – mag wheels (shiny, doesn’t stain)
Aluminium – bikes (strong/lighter than other metals)
Reacts with acid and
oxygen
Malleable/ductile /Shiny silver
Reacts readily with oxygen
Malleable/ductile/shiny/
light

18. Energy from fuels Copper calorimeter Water Spirit burner Fuel
26/06/2018
Copper calorimeter
Water
Spirit burner
Fuel

19. Energy gained per gram = (answer to Step 1) / mass of alcohol burned
Experimental values
26/06/2018
Step 1: Calculate the energy gained by the water:
Energy gained by water = mass of water x 4.18 J/gC0 x change in temperature
Step 2: Divide this value by the mass of the alcohol used to find out the energy gained by the water per gram of alcohol
Energy gained per gram = (answer to Step 1) / mass of alcohol burned

20. An example calculation
26/06/2018
While doing this experiment, Dave got the following results for methanol:
Mass of water
Start temp
End temp
Temp diff
Start mass
End mass
Mass diff
100g 16 51 35
159.67
158.22
1.45
Step 1: 100g x 4.18 J/gC0 x 35 = J
Step 2: / 1.45 = J/g
Therefore energy given out by the alcohol =
10090J/g

21. write and complete
When Fuels are combusted in an excess (lots) of oxygen they have undergone c_______ c_______
When fuels are combusted in a limited supply of oxygen (ie not much oxygen) they are said to have undergone i________ c______
omplete
ombustion
ncomplete
ombustion

22. Combustion of Hydrocarbons
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
methane + oxygen  __________ + _______
CH4  +  O2        CO   H2O
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
CH4  +  ½ O2   __________ + _______
CO H2O

23. Burning Fuels C H O O H C O
Lots of oxygen:
Methane
Oxygen +
Carbon dioxide
Water +
CH4
2O2 +
CO2
2H2O +
Burning a fuel like methane in lots of oxygen is called complete combustion

24. Burning Fuels Lots of oxygen: Some oxygen: Little oxygen: Methane
26/06/2018 C H O O H C O
Lots of oxygen:
Methane
Oxygen +
Carbon dioxide
Water +
Water + O H
Methane C H
Oxygen + O C O
Some oxygen:
Carbon monoxide O H
Water + C H
Methane
Little oxygen: O
Oxygen + C
Carbon

25. Incomplete combustion
In incomplete combustion, the burning flame is typically yellow or orange and there is smoke.
26/06/2018
In incomplete combustion, the burning flame is typically yellow or orange and there is smoke.

26. Pollutants from burning fuels
26/06/2018 C O
Carbon dioxide is a _______ gas and helps cause global _______.
Carbon monoxide combines with ___________ in the _____ and reduces the ability for red blood cells to carry _______.
Words – haemoglobin, warming, oxygen, greenhouse, blood C O

27. 10. What is needed for complete combustion?
Lots of oxygen

28. 11. What are the products of complete combustion? Incomplete combustion?
Hint: What colour forms on the bottom of a beaker if it is held over a yellow flame?
What are the products of complete combustion?
Water and carbon dioxide
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
Water + carbon dioxide + carbon + carbon monoxide