1. Human Physiology Unit One

2. Physiology Physiology is the study of the function of the body
It investigates how the anatomy develops and how it works
It emphasizes cause & effect relationships and mechanisms of action

3. Physiology
The objective of physiology is to understand the normal functioning of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
It is studied on microscopic and chemical levels

4. Homeostasis
Claude Bernard
Walter Cannon

5. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintaining of a constant internal environment through the function of dynamic physiological regulatory mechanisms
Homeostasis occurs despite fluctuations in the external environment

6. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is maintained due to the intricate and delicate relationships between these regulatory mechanisms
These regulatory mechanisms can be intrinsic or extrinsic

7. Homeostasis
If any of these mechanisms break down, it causes a “ripple effect” which is indicated by becoming sick

8. Homeostasis Examples of homeostasis: + body temperature
+ blood pressure
+ heart rate
+ respiratory rate
+ blood particle levels

9. Homeostasis

10. Homeostasis vs. Stress
Stress is any disruption of homeostasis that threatens physical or emotional well-being
Stress is brought about by the breakdown of regulatory mechanisms

11. Homeostasis vs. Stress Examples of physical stress: + intense exercise
+ infection
+ injury
+ surgery
+ hemorrhage
+ pain

12. Homeostasis vs. Stress Examples of emotional stress: + grief
+ depression
+ anger
+ anxiety
+ guilt

13. Homeostatic Control Stimulus Response Integrating Center Sensor
Effectors
Stimulus
Response

14. Homeostatic Model
Upper Limit
Range
Set Point
Lower Limit
Sensitivity

15. Negative Feedback System
Defends the set point
Reverses the deviation
Produces change in the opposite direction
Dynamic process that maintains stasis

16. Homeostatic Example

17. Positive Feedback System
Opposite of negative feedback
Amplifies the deviation
Action continues in the same direction
If not controlled, this system would cause homeostatic imbalances

18. Definitions Basic Chemistry
Acid – a compound that releases hydrogen (H+) ions in solution
Base – a compound that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution

19. Definitions Basic Chemistry
Salt – an ionic compound that does not contain H+ or OH-, obtained from an acid/base reaction
Buffer – a chemical system that resists large changes in pH by taking up or giving off H+

20. Acid-Base Reaction HCl + KOH KCl + H2O Cl- K+ H+ OH- Acid Base Salt
Water
HCl +
KOH
KCl +
H2O
Cl- K+ H+
OH-

21. Common Acids and Bases

22. pH – the measurement of the H+ concentration in solution

23. pH – the measurement of the H+ concentration in solution

24. Organic Chemistry The four types of organic compounds Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

25. Carbohydrates The general formula is CH2O
The monomers are monosaccharides
Functions:
Provide energy
Structural uses
Examples:
Plants - starch, cellulose, Animals - glycogen, chitin

26. Lipids Functional group – COOH- (carboxyl)
The monomers are fatty acids and alcohols
Functions:
Storage energy
Structural uses
Regulation
Protection

27. Lipids
Examples:
Fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes

28. Lipids
The two types of fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated

29. Proteins Two functional groups – COOH- (carboxyl) and NH2- (amine)
The monomers are amino acids
Functions:
Structural uses
Regulation
Protection
Provide energy

30. Proteins
Examples:
Collagen
Hormones
Enzymes
Antibodies

31. Nucleic Acids The monomers are nucleotides Functions: Heredity
Nitrogen base
Functions:
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Heredity
Protein synthesis
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar

32. Nucleic Acids Examples: Double stranded, double helix molecule
Single stranded with three forms – tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA
DNA
RNA

33. Organelles of An animal cell
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Chromatin
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34. The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the process of growth and division found in most cells
The functions of the cell cycle are growth, repair and replacement
The cell cycle is divided into three segments

35. Interphase
Cytokinesis
Mitosis

36. Interphase G1 – organelles double S – DNA replicates
G2 – proteins produced

37. Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

39. Cytokinesis

40. The Cell Cycle
The growth in size of a cell due to interphase is termed hypertrophy
The growth in size due to the addtion of cells is termed hyperplasia
In most cases, hypertrophy leads to hyperplasia

41. The Cell Cycle Two exceptions are muscle cells and neurons
These cells go into a G0 phase and drop out of the cell cycle
Therefore if they are damaged or destroyed they cannot be replaced