1. Nuclear (Non-)Proliferation
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Enforcement Mechanisms

2. The United Nations Founded in 1945 Goals: Peace, security, cooperation
General Assembly
All members of the UN
Recommendations
Security Council
5 permanent, 10 elected
Measures for peace & security

3. Security Council Powers
Responsible for peace and security
Art. 41 non-force measures
Including interruption of economic relations (sanctions)
Art. 42 use of force measures
Only legal non-defense use of force

4. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Since 1968
189 signatories
5 nuclear states, the rest non-nuclear
Not DPRK, India, Israel, Pakistan
Pillars
Non-proliferation
Disarmament
Peaceful use

5. Non-Proliferation Nuclear weapon states Non-nuclear weapon states
No giving or inducing development of nuclear weapons in NNWS (Art. I)
Non-nuclear weapon states
No receiving or developing nuclear weapons (Art. II)
IAEA verification (Art. III)

6. Disarmament
Duty to negotiate in good faith (Art. VI)

7. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
Right to peaceful use (Art. IV)
Transfer of nuclear technology (Art. V)

8. IAEA Safeguards Administers safeguards (III.A-5)
Ensures peaceful use, non-diversion (XII.A)
Reports non-compliance to SC and GA (XII.C)
Additional Protocol to assure non-existence of undeclared activity

9. Iran’s Nuclear Acitivities
Started in ‘50s with U.S. aid
Discontinued, revived after Revolution
Allegations of undeclared nuclear activity
IAEA investigation, diplomatic pressure
Referral by IAEA to Security Council
Demands to stop enrichment

10. Security Council Response
Resolution 1696 (2006)
Cessation of enrichment
Resolution 1737 (2006)
Sanctions
Resolution 1803 (2008)
Expansion of sanctions

11. Sanctions on Iran Sanctions on individuals
Sanctions on arms & materiel
Financial sanctions
Freeze on funds
Inspections of cargo to/from Iran

12. DPRK’s Nuclear Program
Negotiations with the U.S. in the ‘90s
Withdrawal from the NPT
Breakdown of Agreed Framework
The Six-Party Talks
Expulsion of IAEA inspectors
Nuclear tests in 2006 & 2009

13. Security Council Response
Demanded stop to..
Nuclear tests
Missile launches
Return to NPT, IAEA safeguards

14. Sanctions on DPRK
Sanctions on arms, nuclear/missile material, luxury goods
Inspection of cargo to/from DPRK
Seizure and disposal of prohibited items
Financial sanctions