1. Why are proteins absolutely awesome?
They are made of amino acids.
Hint:
They have many, many functions in living things.

2. What are some functions of proteins in the body?
neuron

3. What are some functions of proteins in the body?

4. Functions of proteins in the body
enzymes, pigments, hormones,
neurotransmitters, receptors,
antibodies, transporters, structure
membrane pumps, “I.D. tags”
and more…

6. Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin

7. Why is the shape of a protein important?

8. Hormone – Receptor Interaction
A protein’s shape
determines its function
Hormone – Receptor Interaction

9. Enzyme-Substrate Complex

10. Antibody Action
Antigen

11. How is the shape of a protein determined?
Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin

12. How does DNA store the information needed to make proteins?

13. There are 20 different amino acids found in living things.

14. X Is the Genetic Code a 1 letter (base) code?
4 bases (A,G,C,T) could only code for 4 different amino acids
Is a one-base code enough to code for all the amino acids?

15. Is the Genetic Code a 2 letter (base) code?
If each sequence of two nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand* coded for 1 amino acid, how many amino acids could be coded for?
*example A A A A
A G C T
G G G G

16. X AGAAGAAAACAGCCAA AA, AG, AC, AT GA, GG, GC, GT CA, CG, CC, CT
Is the Genetic Code a
2 letter (base) code? X
AA, AG, AC, AT
16 code words
20 amino acids
GA, GG, GC, GT
CA, CG, CC, CT
TA, TG, TC, TT

17. If each sequence of three nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand
If each sequence of three nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand* coded for 1 amino acid, how many amino acids could be coded for?
*example AAA, AAG, AAC, AAT
AGA, ACA, ATA
64 amino acids

18. G A T C Genetic information is stored as a triplet code.
Each 3 bases in DNA codes for one amino acid.
These 3 bases are called a codon.

19. Where are proteins made?
ribosomes in cytoplasm and on rough endoplasmic reticulum

20. If DNA is too big to leave the nucleus, then how does it instruct the formation of proteins?
messenger RNA

21. Transcription
DNA ↓
mRNA

22. template
a strand of DNA or RNA that serves as a pattern or guide for the synthesis of a complementary strand of nucleic acid or protein

23. G A T C
CUA G C A U

24. Glutamate

25. Which amino acid is coded for by the the codon UCA?
Glutamate

26. Which amino acid is coded for by the the codon CAU?
Glutamate

27. UUUCCAAACCAUUAG Phe - Pro - Asn - His
What amino acid sequence would be coded for by the following mRNA sequence?
UUUCCAAACCAUUAG
Phe - Pro - Asn - His

28. GGATTCAACATTATAAAA Pro - Lys - Leu CCUAAGUUGUAAUAUUUU
What amino acid sequence would be coded for by the following DNA sequence?
GGATTCAACATTATAAAA
CCUAAGUUGUAAUAUUUU
Pro - Lys - Leu

29. What is a gene? GGATTCAACATTATAAAA
- a sequence of bases (nucleotides) in DNA that code for a particular polypeptide (protein)

30. amino acids do not attach to mRNA
How are proteins made?
Problem:
amino acids do not attach to mRNA

31. transfer RNA (tRNA) at ribosome
mRNA
transfer RNA (tRNA) at ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA)

32. transfer RNA (tRNA)
Amino acid
mRNA

33. Protein Synthesis

34. Protein Synthesis

35. Protein Synthesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA

36. Use the following terms to make a concept map
“Protein Synthesis”
amino acids, anticodon, codon, cytoplasm, DNA, genes, information, messenger RNA, nucleus, protein, ribosome, synthesis, transcription, transfer RNA, translation,

37. Protein Synthesis

38. Protein Synthesis Word bank Amino acid Anticodon Codon DNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Protein
Ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA)

39. Protein Synthesis DNA mRNA mRNA amino acids new protein (polypeptide)
tRNA
tRNA
leaving ribosome
anticodon
codon on mRNA
ribosome

40. Protein Synthesis mRNA is synthesized on the DNA
template (4) - on worksheet
mRNA leaves nucleus, travels to
ribosome, and binds with it (2)
tRNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome, and tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon (1)

41. Protein Synthesis 4. ribosome moves to the next codon on mRNA (5)
5. tRNA carries an amino acid to
the ribosome, and tRNA anticodon
binds to mRNA codon (1)

42. Protein Synthesis
the new amino acid carried by arriving tRNA is attached to the amino acid carried by the previous tRNA; the previous tRNA then leaves the ribosome
(3)
7. (5) Ribosome moves to the next
codon

43. Protein Synthesis
tRNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome, and tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon (1)
Repeat steps 3, 5, 1 (5, 6, 7)

44. Protein Synthesis
Forming a tripeptide
4, 2, 1, 5, 1, 3, 5, 1, 3

45. Protein Synthesis

46. What is a gene?
a distinct unit of hereditary material found in chromosomes

49. Met Val Ala Asp Leu A T T G G A A T A C C A T C G A U G G U A G C U A

50. Gln Glu Leu Leu Asp G T C C A T T A A C G A G C T C A G G A A U U G C

52. Translation
– the process in which the information coded in RNA is used for the assembly of a particular amino acid sequence

53. Protein Synthesis
DNA
↓ transcription
mRNA
↓ translation
protein

54. What is a gene made of ?

55. The Flow of Genetic Information
Sequence of bases in DNA
determines the
Sequence of bases in RNA
Sequence of amino acids in Protein

56. Protein Synthesis
DNA
↓ transcription
mRNA
↓ translation
protein

64. Protein Synthesis

76. Albinism - complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans.

77. Transcription Animation