1. VUS2 and 3
Three Worlds Meet

2. Exploration and Colonization
Early European exploration and colonization resulted in the redistribution of the world's population as millions of people from Europe and Africa voluntarily and involuntarily moved to the New World.

3. Exploration and Colonization
Exploration and colonization initiated worldwide commercial expansion as agricultural products were exchanged between the Americas and Europe. This came to be known as the Columbian Exchange.
In time, colonization led to ideas of representative government and religious toleration that over several centuries would inspire similar transformations in other parts of the world.

4. The global transfer of living things
Columbian exchange
The global transfer of living things

5. Triangular Trade
The exchange of goods, gold and people

6. The Columbian Exchange
From the Old World
Smallpox, measles, plague, typhus, influenza, yellow fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever
Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, donkeys, mules, black rats, honeybees, cockroaches
Wheat, sugar, barley, coffee, rice, dandelion, and other weeds
From The New World
Syphilis
Turkeys
Maize (corn), beans, peanuts, potatoes, sweet potatoes, maniocs, squash, papaya, guava, tomatoes, avocados, pineapples, chili peppers, cocoa

7. The First English Settlements
1585—establishes the first English Colony
Roanoke Island, OBX of North Carolina
Colonists return to England the following year
1587—a second colony is founded
Same island as before
Leaders of Colony returned to England for supplies and more colonists but are unable to return to the colony for over three years!

8. The “Lost” Colony of Roanoke Island
Spanish Armada attacks England on the sea
Spain defeated by the English navy
Sir Walter Raleigh pressed into service of England
Sir Walter Raleigh and Captain White finally return from England with supplies
Colony deserted and all inhabitants are missing
Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World, among the missing
No substantial clue to the Colony’s fate has yet to be found

9. The Lost Colony

10. Jamestown
Jamestown, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London as a business venture, was the first permanent English settlement in North America.
Settled farther inland to prevent Spanish attack

11. Namesakes in Hampton Roads
Jamestown was named after James I who followed Elizabeth I (the “Virgin Queen,” after whom Virginia is named)
Financed by the London Company (a joint stock company), a group of entrepreneurs who hoped to make a fortune by finding gold and discovering a northwest passage to Asia

12. The “Starving Time” and John Smith
The Starving Time
Captain John Smith initiates “No work, no food” strategy to try to save the colony
The first 20 years
7300 settlers arrived
Over 6000 died

13. The Red Letter Year of Jamestown, 1619
1. First women arrive
2. First Africans
Maybe slaves, maybe indentured servants
3. First representative form of government in the New World
The Virginia House of Burgesses
It has operated continuously, and today is the General Assembly of Virginia

14. Further English Colonial Expansion
1620 – Another Colony is founded
Pilgrims attempting to reach Virginia
Land in Massachusetts after a storm blows them off course during the Atlantic Crossing
Name new settlement Plymouth, after the port they sailed from in England.
Eventually this “New England” will be mostly settled by Puritans seeking freedom from religious persecution in Europe.

15. Settling The New World
They formed a “covenant community” based on the principles of the Mayflower Compact and Puritan religious beliefs and were often intolerant of those not sharing their religion.
Sought economic opportunity and practiced direct democracy through town meetings.

16. New England puritans

17. Middle Atlantic Region
The Middle Atlantic region was settled chiefly by English, Dutch, and German-speaking immigrants seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity.

18. Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore
Founders of Colonies
William Penn
Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore

19. Religious Freedom in the Colonies
William Penn founded Pennsylvania, a larger colony for Quakers that provided a safe home.
Penn limited his power, established an elected assembly, and promised religious freedom to all Christians.
English Catholics came to America to escape religious persecution.
Maryland was founded as a refuge for Catholics by Lord Baltimore in 1634.
The Maryland assembly passed the Toleration Act of 1649 to support religious tolerance.

20. Indentured Servants
There were slaves, but indentured servants were a larger source of labor.
7 Year Period of Servitude in exchange for payment for the trip to the New World

21. Women’s Contributions
Women ran farms and businesses; clothing stores, drugstores, and bakeries.
Some were nurses and midwives.
Most worked primarily in the home.
Married women managed households and raised children.

22. Virginia and the Southern Colonies
Virginia and the other Southern colonies were settled by people seeking economic opportunities.
The early Virginia “Cavaliers”
were English nobility who
received large land grants in
Eastern Virginia from the
King of England

23. Virginia and the Southern Colonies
Poor English immigrants also came seeking better lives as small farmers or artisans and settled in the Shenandoah Valley or western Virginia.
Indentured servants arrived also, working on tobacco plantations to pay for their passage

24. Three Worlds Collide
Interactions among Europeans, Africans and American Indians (First Americans)

25. Native American Relations
The explorations and settlements of the English in the American colonies and Spanish in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.
Often led to violent conflicts with the American Indians (First Americans, First Peoples).
The Indians lost their traditional territories and fell victim to diseases carried from Europe.

26. Native American Relations

27. Native American Relations
By contrast, French exploration of Canada did not lead to large-scale immigration from France.
Relations with
native peoples
were often more
cooperative.

28. Beginnings of Slavery – Indentured Servants
The growth of a plantation-based agricultural economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the Southern colonies required cheap labor on a large scale.

29. From Servitude to Slavery
As fewer and fewer men wished to sell themselves into Servitude, a new source of labor was needed.
The first Africans were brought against their will to Jamestown in 1619 to work on the tobacco plantations.
This development of the Plantation System in the Colonies demanded large numbers of slaves to keep the economy going.

30. Indentured Servants and Slavery
Most plantation labor needs eventually came to be filled by the forcible importation of Africans.
Some Africans worked as indentured servants, earned their freedom, and lived as free citizens during the Colonial Era,
Eventually larger numbers of enslaved Africans were forcibly brought to the Southern colonies through the “Middle Passage”.

31. Beginning of Slavery

32. Middle Passage

33. New England Economy
The New England colonies developed an economy based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and eventually, manufacturing.
The colonies prospered, reflecting the Puritans’ strong belief in the values of hard work and thrift.

34. Middle Colonies Economy
The Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware developed economies based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading.
Cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore began to grow as seaports and commercial centers.

35. Virginia and the South’s Economy
Virginia and the other Southern colonies developed plantation economies in the Eastern Coastal Lowlands that grew “cash crops;” tobacco, rice, and indigo for export to Europe.
Farther inland, however, in the mountains and valleys of the Appalachian foothills, the economy was based on small-scale subsistence farming, hunting, and trading.
A strong belief in private owner-ship of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life.

36. Rice, Tobacco, and Indigo

37. Plantation – Shirley Plantation

38. New England Society
New England’s colonial society was based on religious standing.
The Puritans grew increasingly intolerant of dissenters who challenged the Puritans’ belief in the connection between religion and government.
Rhode Island was founded by dissenters fleeing persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts.

39. Religious Intolerance
Best example: Salem Witch Trials, 1692

40. Middle Colonies Society
The Middle Colonies were home to multiple religious groups, including Quakers in Pennsylvania and Catholics in Maryland, who generally believed in religious tolerance.
These colonies had more flexible social structures and began to develop a middle class of skilled artisans, entrepreneurs (business owners), and small farmers.

41. Religious Toleration
Quakers in Pennsylvania
Catholics in Maryland

42. Virginia and the South’s Society
Virginia and the Southern colonies had a social structure based on family status and the ownership of land.
Large landowners in the eastern lowlands dominated colonial government and society and maintained an allegiance to the Church of England and closer social ties to England than in the other colonies.

43. Church of England

44. Virginia and the South’s Society
In the mountains and valleys further inland, however, society was characterized by small subsistence farmers, hunters and traders of Scotch-Irish and English descent.
A strong belief in private ownership of property and free enterprise characterized colonial life everywhere in the colonies

45. The Great Awakening
The “Great Awakening” was a religious movement that swept both Europe and the colonies during the mid-1700s.
It led to the rapid growth of evangelical religions such as the Methodists and Baptists and challenged the established religious and governmental order.
It laid one of the social foundations for the American Revolution.

46. Preachers of the Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards