1. Chapter 4: The Human World
Section 1: Global Cultures

2. What makes up culture?
Knowledge
Attitudes
Behaviors

3. Society A society is a group that shares… Geographic region Identity
Culture

4. Ethnic Group
An ethnic group shares…
Language
Customs
Common heritage

6. Innovation
Using something that already exists in a new way to solve a problem

7. Innovations were used to build a very cheap car called the Nano.
Dashboard is in the middle
Door handles are the same on left and right
No airbag, radio, or air conditioning
Some metal parts are replaced by plastic that can be glued together

8. Diffusion The spread of inventions, ideas, or patterns of behavior
This spread happens very fast today due to technology advances
Places where this happens quickly are known as cultural hearths (older cultural hearths were centered around rivers and places of trade)
Not all societies will accept new innovations

9. Acculturation
Society changes because it accepts innovation

10. Language Language unifies a culture
Between 3,000 and 6,500 languages spoken worldwide
Dialect—version of a language
Accents of the world

11. Religion Monotheistic faiths believe in one god
Polytheistic faiths believe in many gods
Animistic, or traditional, faiths believe in divine forces of nature

13. Judaism Monotheistic Evolved 3,200 years ago
Holy book called the Torah
Followers are called Jews

16. Christianity Evolved from Judaism Based on teachings of Jesus Christ
Holy book called the Bible
Largest religion (2 billion followers worldwide)

19. Islam Monotheistic Based on teachings of Prophet Muhammad
Followers are called Muslims
Worship God called Allah
Holy book called the Qur’an

23. Hinduism Polytheistic Evolved in India around 5,000 years ago
Hindu caste system has fixed social classes, specific rites/duties

26. Buddhism Evolved from Hinduism around 563 B.C. in India
Founder Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha, or Enlightened One
Rejects Hindu castes
Seeks enlightened spiritual state, or nirvana

30. Section 2: Population Geography

31. Birthrate—Number of live births per thousand people
Fertility rate—average number of children born to a woman in a lifetime
Mortality rate—number of deaths per thousand people
Infant mortality rate—deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births
Population growth rate—subtract the mortality rate from the birthrate

32. A population pyramid shows a population’s sex, age distribution

33. Where do most people live?
More people live between 20˚N and 60˚N latitude
More people live along coastal areas and in river valleys
More people live in urban areas
Less people live in polar, mountain, or desert regions

34. Migration Reasons for migrating are sometimes called push-pull factors
Push factors—drought, war, no jobs…
Pull factors—good economy, nice climate, entertainment…

35. Section 3: Political Geography

36. State—independent political unit; country
Nation—unified group with common culture living in a territory
Nation-state—nation and state occupying the same territory

39. Types of Government
Autocracy—all power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual
Totalitarian dictatorship—the ideas of the leader are glorified and the government seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life
Monarchy—a king, queen or emperor exercises the supreme powers of government

40. Types of Government (continued)
Oligarchy—a small group holds power
This group can derive their power from wealth, military power, social position, and/or religion (theocracy)

41. Types of Government (continued)
Democracy—rule is by the people
Direct democracy—the people govern themselves by voting as an individual on each issue
Representative democracy (Republic)—the people elect representatives and give them responsibility and power to make laws and conduct government

42. Government Systems
Unitary system of government—gives all key powers to central government (Great Britain, Italy, France…)
Federal system of government—divides powers of government between national government and state or provincial government (U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, India, Russia…)
Confederacy—a loose union of independent states

43. Section 4: Economic Geography

44. Economy—the production and exchange of goods and services
Economic system—way people produce and exchange goods and services

45. Types of Economic Systems
traditional economy—people barter or trade for what they need
command economy—the government makes all the economic decisions; also called planned economy
market economy—the law of supply and demand determines what is produced and bought; also called capitalism
mixed economy—a combination of command and market economies

46. Natural Resources
Natural Resources—Earth’s materials that have economic value
Types of natural resources
renewable resources (trees, seafood) can be replaced naturally
nonrenewable resources (metals, oil, coal) cannot be replaced
inexhaustible resources (sun, wind) are unlimited resources

47. Per capita income—average earnings per person in a political unit
Gross domestic product (GDP)—statistic to measure the total value of goods and services produced within a country

51. Section 5: Urban Geography
Urban geography—the study of how people use space in cities
Cities—populous centers of business, culture, innovation, and change
Suburbs—border central city or other suburbs
Metropolitan area—central city plus its suburbs

53. What are the functions of cities?
Shopping
Entertainment
Government services
Educational
Recreational
Cultural activities

54. Urbanization
The dramatic rise in the number of cites and changes in lifestyle that results
The trend to live in cities has increase rapidly in the last 200 years

55. Land Use Patterns (activities that take place in a city):
Residential = single family housing and apartment buildings
Industrial = areas reserved for the manufacturing of goods
Commercial = used for private business and the buying and selling of retail products

56. Central Business District (CBD)- the core of the city that is almost always based on commercial activity
Business offices and stores are found here
The value of land is high here
Skyscrapers can be built here to get the most value out of the land bought