1. How to work with indexers, delegates, events, and operators
Based on Murach (ch 13) and Deitel

2. Objectives Applied Develop and use classes that have indexers
delegates
events
overloaded operators
Knowledge
Describe the use of an indexer.
Explain why you should validate parameters and throw exceptions in your classes.
Describe the use of delegates and events without and with anonymous methods and lambda expressions.
Describe the use of operator overloading.

3. The code for a simple ProductList class (just an idea, based on Product class ch.12)
public class ProductList { private List<Product> products; public ProductList() products = new List<Product>(); } public int Count => products.Count; public void Add(Product product) products.Add(product); public void Add(string code, string description, decimal price) Product p = new Product(code, description, price); products.Add(p);
PROPERTY: Count of List
Gets the number of elements contained in the System.Collections.Generic.List.
Returns:
The number of elements contained in the System.Collections.Generic.List.
overloaded

4. Calls methods from another class ProductDB
The code for a simple ProductList class (just an idea, based on Product class ch.12 cont)
public Product GetProductByIndex(int i) => products[i]; public void Remove(Product product) { products.Remove(product); } public void Fill() => products = ProductDB.GetProducts(); public void Save() => ProductDB.SaveProducts(products);
Calls methods from another class ProductDB

5. ProductList class

6. ProductList class cont.

7. An indexer that uses an integer as an index
Indexer is a special property
private List<Product> products; //cannot access directly, private
public Product this[int i] {
get
return products[i]; //no validation yet }
set
products[i] = value;

8. A read-only indexer that uses a string as an index
public Product this[string code] {
get
foreach (Product p in products)
if (p.Code == code)
return p; }
return null; //not found

9. A read-only indexer with an expression body
(no “set”)
public Product this[int i] => products[i];

10. Using these indexers First: Populating list
ProductList products = new ProductList();
products.Add("CS15", "Murach's C# 2015", 56.50m);
Accessing from list
Product p1 = products[0]; //using position
Product p2 = products["CS15"]; //code
products[i] = new Product(code, description, price);
public Product this[int i] {
get{return products[i];}
set{products[i] = value;} }

11. An indexer that checks the range and throws an argument exception
public Product this[int i] {
get
if (i < 0 || i >= products.Count)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(i.ToString()); }
return products[i];
...

12. An indexer that validates data and throws an argument exception
public Product this[string code] { get if (code.Length > 4) throw new ArgumentException( "Maximum length of Code is 4 characters."); } foreach (Product p in products) //if code is valid search until found if (p.Code == code) return p; return null; //if NOT found

13. Three argument exceptions
Description
ArgumentOutOfRangeException(message)
Use when the value is outside the acceptable range of values.
ArgumentNullException(message)
Use when the value is null and a null value is not allowed.
ArgumentException(message)
Use when the value is invalid for any other reason.

14. Review: Terminology*

15. Exception Keywords*

16. Running example* namespace UsingExceptions { class Program
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace UsingExceptions {
class Program
static void Main(string[] args)
int x = 10;
int y = 5;
int result;
try
result = x / y;
Console.WriteLine("The result is: {0}", result); }
catch
Console.WriteLine("An error occurred! Better check the code!");
finally
Console.WriteLine("Just proving that this code always runs.");
Console.ReadLine();
}}}

17. Catching Specific Exceptions

18. Exceptions Hierarchy try { result = x / y;
Console.WriteLine("The result is: {0}", result); }
catch (System.DivideByZeroException e)
Console.WriteLine("Whoops! You tried to divide by zero!");
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
catch (System.ArithmeticException e)

19. More Specific Exceptions -> First. Try this *{
result = x / y;
Console.WriteLine("The result is: {0}", result); }
catch (System.ArithmeticException e)
Console.WriteLine("Whoops! You tried to divide by zero!");
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
catch (System.DivideByZeroException e)
finally
Console.WriteLine("Just proving that this code always runs.");
Console.ReadLine();

20. Exceptions are Objects
System.Exception
System.ApplicationException (non fatal exceptions)

21. Custom Exceptions

22. using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace CustomExceptions {
public class MyOwnException : Exception
public MyOwnException()
: base("Sergey is not welcomed here!") //Exception(string)
//this.HelpLink = " us/library/system.exception.aspx"; }
class Program
static string GetName()
string s = Console.ReadLine();
if (s.Equals("Sergey"))
throw new MyOwnException();
return s;

23. static void Main(string[] args){
string theName;
try
theName = GetName();
Console.WriteLine("Hello {0}", theName); }
catch (MyOwnException nje)
Console.WriteLine(nje.Message);
Console.WriteLine("For help, visit: {0}", nje.HelpLink);
finally
Console.WriteLine("Have a nice day!");
Console.ReadLine();

24. An if statement that validates data before setting a property value
Product p = null; if (txtCode.Text.Length <= 4) { p = products[txtCode.Text]; } However, you still need to validate in ProductLists because you cannot count on others, especially if your class is reusable.

25. Delegates
Overall it is similar (but smarter) to the old "C" function pointer, where functions can be assigned like a variable and called in the run time based on dynamic conditions.
Type-safe function
Delegate is defined with a specific signature (return type, parameter type and order etc).
To invoke a delegate object, one or more methods are required with the EXACT same signature.
A delegate object is first created similar like a class object created. The delegate object will hold a reference of a function. The function will then can be called via the delegate object.
Commonly used for event handlers

26. Delegates cont. 1. Defining the delegate
public delegate int Calculate (int value1, int value2);
2. Declare a variable that will hold a function of type Calculate
private Calculate calculate;
public static void Main() {
// Assign the real function Add() to the variable Calculate
calculate= Add; //can be Sub!
// Call whatever function has been stored in the variable adderFunction
int res = calculate( 1, 2 ); }
// These functions matches EXACTLY the signature defined in the MathFunction type
private int Add( int n1, int n2 )
return n1 + n2;
private int Sub( int n1, int n2 )
return n1 - n2;

27. Ex.: Delegate. Very Basic
namespace DelegateDemo {
public delegate void HelloMethodDelegate(String msg);
class Program
static void Main(string[] args)
//create instance of delegate, like ceate an object
//instead of Hello("Hello World!");
HelloMethodDelegate helloDelegate = new HelloMethodDelegate(Hello);
helloDelegate("Hello World!");
Console.Read(); }
//matching signature of delegate
//try chang void to string -> error, because type safe
public static void Hello(String str)
Console.WriteLine(str);
>Hello World!

28. The syntax for declaring a delegate
public delegate returnType DelegateName([parameterList]);
Code that declares a delegate in the ProductList class
public delegate void ChangeHandler(ProductList products);

29. Code in a form that uses the delegate (idea)
public partial class frmProducts : Form {
// create the delegate object and identify the method it uses
ProductList.ChangeHandler myDelegate =
new ProductList.ChangeHandler(PrintToConsole);
// a method with the same signature as the delegate
private static void PrintToConsole(ProductList products)
Console.WriteLine("The products list has changed!");
for (int i = 0; i < products.Count; i++)
Product p = products[i];
Console.WriteLine(p.GetDisplayText("\t")); }

30. Code in a form that uses the delegate (idea) cont.
private void frmProducts_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) {
// create the argument that's required by the delegate
ProductList products = new ProductList();
// add products to the product list
products.Add("BJWN",
"Murach's Beginning Java with NetBeans", 57.50m);
products.Add("CS15", "Murach's C# 2015", 56.50m);
// call the delegate and pass the required argument
myDelegate(products); } } 

31. The syntax for declaring an event
An event is a signal that a particular action has occurred on an object that’s created from the class.
Classes using that object can response by wiring event handler to it.
public event Delegate EventName;
Code that declares and raises an event in the ProductList class
public class ProductList {
public delegate void ChangeHandler(ProductList products);
public event ChangeHandler Changed; // declare the event
public void Add(Product product)
products.Add(product);
Changed(this); // raise the event }
...

32. Delegates and events 1. Define a delegate
2. Define an event based on that delegate
3. Raise the event
May seem complex
It is very flexible

33. Code in a form that wires the event handler and handles the event (idea)
ProductList products = new ProductList();
private void frmProducts_Load(object sender, System.EventArgs e) {
// wire the event to the method that handles the event
products.Changed +=
new ProductList.ChangeHandler(PrintToConsole);
... }
// the method that handles the event
private void PrintToConsole(ProductList products)
Console.WriteLine("The products list has changed!");
for (int i = 0; i < products.Count; i++)
Product p = products[i];
Console.WriteLine(p.GetDisplayText("\t"));

34. Another way: How to create a delegate using an anonymous method (no name method)
The same as printToConsole Ex.: ProductList.ChangeHandler myDelegate = delegate (ProductList products) { Console.WriteLine("The products list has changed!"); for (int i = 0; i < products.Count; i++) { ... } }; myDelegate(products); Ex.: using a lambda expression ProductList.ChangeHandler myDelegate = products =>

35. How wire an event using an anonymous method
products.Changed += delegate (ProductList products) {
Console.WriteLine("The products list has changed!");
for (int i = 0; i < products.Count; i++) { ... } };
How wire an event using a lambda expression
products.Changed += products =>

36. Overloading operators
C# defines meaning for built-in types (ex. +, ==)
product1 == product2 (same Code, Description, Price)
The syntax for overloading unary operators
public static returnType operator unary-operator(type operand)
Unary operators
+ - ! true false
Ex: +x, -x, !x
The syntax for overloading binary operators
public static returnType operator
binary-operator(type-1 operand-1, type-2 operand-2)
Binary operators
+ - * / % & | == != > < >= <=

37. The Equals method of the Object class
Description
Equals(object)
Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether the current object refers to the same instance as the specified object.
Equals(object1, object2)
A static version of the Equals method that compares two objects to determine if they refer to the same instance.
The GetHashCode method of the Object class
Method Description
GetHashCode() Returns an integer value that’s used to identify objects in a hash table. If you override the Equals method, you must also override the GetHashCode method.

38. Part of a ProductList class that overloads the + operator
public class ProductList { private List<Product> products; public void Add(Product p) products.Add(p); } public static ProductList operator + (ProductList pl, Product p) pl.Add(p); return pl; .

39. Code that uses the + operator of the ProductList class
ProductList products = new ProductList();
Product p = new Product("CS15", "Murach's C# 2015", 56.50m);
products = products + p;
Another way to use the + operator
products += p;

40. Code that uses an expression-bodied operator
public ProductList Add(Product p) { products.Add(p); return this; } public static ProductList operator + ( ProductList pl, Product p) => pl.Add(p);

41. Code that overloads the == operator for a Product class (cont.)
To handle null
public static bool == (Product p1, Product p2) {
if (Object.Equals(p1 == null) //both null
if (Object.Equals(p2 == null)
return true;
else
return false; //p1 is null, p2 is not
return
p1.Equals(p2); }
public static bool != (Product p1, Product p2)
return !(p1 == p2);
If == is overloaded -> need to overload !=
If > is overloaded -> need to overload <

42. Code that overloads the == operator for a Product class (cont.)
public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
if (obj == null) //obviously
return false;
Product p = (Product)obj;
if (this.Code == p.Code &&
this.Description == p.Description &&
this.Price == p.Price)
return true;
else }
public override int GetHashCode()
string hashString = this.Code + this.Description
+ this.Price;
return hashString.GetHashCode();

43. Code that uses the == operator of the Product class
Product p1 = new Product("CS15", "Murach's C# 2015", 56.50m);
Product p2 = new Product("CS15", "Murach's C# 2015", 56.50m);
if (p1 == p2) // This evaluates to true. Without the
// overloaded == operator, it would
// evaluate to false (different objects).

44. The code for the Enhanced ProductMaintanace Behavior the same as in ch 12
Enhanced ProductList class
Unchanged Products class
Unchanged frmNewProduct class
Changed frmProductMain class

45. The code for the Enhanced ProductMaintanace Behavior the same as in ch 12 Enhanced ProductList class
public class ProductList { private List<Product> products; public delegate void ChangeHandler(ProductList products); public event ChangeHandler Changed; public ProductList() products = new List<Product>(); } public int Count => products.Count;
Event raises when products list are changed

46. The code for the ProductList class (cont.)
public Product this[int i] { get if (i < 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("i"); } else if (i >= products.Count) return products[i]; set products[i] = value; Changed(this);

47. The code for the ProductList class (cont.)
public Product this[string code] { get foreach (Product p in products) if (p.Code == code) return p; } return null; public void Fill() => products = ProductDB.GetProducts(); public void Save() => ProductDB.SaveProducts(products);

48. The code for the ProductList class (cont.)
public void Add(Product product) { products.Add(product); Changed(this); } public void Add(string code, string description, decimal price) Product p = new Product(code, description, price); products.Add(p); public void Remove(Product product) products.Remove(product);

49. The code for the ProductList class (cont.)
public static ProductList operator +(ProductList pl, Product p) {
pl.Add(p);
return pl; }
public static ProductList operator - (ProductList pl, Product p)
pl.Remove(p);

50. The code for the Product Maintenance form
Instead of List<> it is ProductList
Can utilize ProductList
indexers
Fill Method
Save Method
+ Overloaded
- Overloaded
Changed event of products object
In ProductList Changed event is raised any time a product is added or removed or changed in product list.
Then the HandleChange method calls Save methods of products object and it call FillProductListBox to refresh the box.

51. The code for the Product Maintenance form
private ProductList products = new ProductList(); private void frmProductMain_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { products.Changed += new ProductList.ChangeHandler(HandleChange); products.Fill(); FillProductListBox(); } private void FillProductListBox() Product p; lstProducts.Items.Clear(); for (int i = 0; i < products.Count; i++) p = products[i]; lstProducts.Items.Add(p.GetDisplayText("\t"));

52. The code for the Product Maintenance form cont.
private void btnAdd_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { frmNewProduct newForm = new frmNewProduct(); Product product = newForm.GetNewProduct(); if (product != null) { products += product; } private void btnDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) int i = lstProducts.SelectedIndex; if (i != -1) Product product = products[i]; string message = "Are you sure you want to delete " + product.Description + "?"; DialogResult button = MessageBox.Show(message, "Confirm Delete", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo); if (button == DialogResult.Yes) products -= product;

53. The code for the Product Maintenance form cont.
private void btnExit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) {
this.Close(); }
private void HandleChange(ProductList products)
products.Save();
FillProductListBox();

54. Project 3-3 Direct a simple robot
Create a form that lets the user move a simple robot a given direction and distance, and create a class that performs the robot movements.