1. The World’s People
Chapter Four

2. Culture
Culture: The set of beliefs, values, and practices that a group of people has in common
Includes many aspects of life, such as language and religion
Each culture is unique

3. http://youtu.be/gqEtq34dSUo Russia - Ukraine

4. Culture Traits
An activity or behavior in which people often take part, such as language spoken or sports played
Can be shared by people around the world
Can change from place to place
Poland

5. Development of Culture
Often learned or passed down from one generation to the next
Within families
Food
Traditions
Holiday customs

6. Cultures develop as people learn new culture traits
Immigrants who move to a new country
Other factors, such as history and environment, also affect how cultures develop
Mexico

7. Culture Groups
Culture Region: an area where people have many shared culture traits
Religious beliefs
Language
Lifestyle
A single culture region can dominate an entire country
A single country may include more than one culture region within its borders
A culture region may stretch across country borders

8. Often, culture regions are based on ethnic groups, groups of people who share a common culture and ancestry
Cultural diversity is the state of having a variety of cultures in the same area
Creates an interesting mix of ideas, behaviors, and practices
Can sometimes lead to conflict

9. How Cultures Change
Innovations: New ideas or ways of doing things-often bring about cultural changes
As societies come into contact with each other, cultures can change

10. Cultural diffusion: the spread of cultural ideas from one region to another
Occurs when people move from place to place
Takes place as new ideas spread from one place to another

11. Population Population: The total number of people in a given area
Determines a great deal about the place where a person lives
Influences business, transportation, schools, and more

12. Geographers study human population
Interested in patterns over time
How many people live in an area
Why people live where they do
How populations change

13. Population Patterns
Population density: a measure of the number of people living in an area
High population density areas
Land is more expensive
Roads are crowded
Buildings are taller
Low population density areas
More open spaces
Less traffic
More available land

15. Where People Live
When an area is thinly populated, it is often because the land does not provide a very good life
Rugged mountains
Harsh deserts
Polar regions
Areas with denser populations tend to be regions with fertile soil, reliable sources of water, and good agriculture climate

16. Population Changes
Geographers look at three key statistics to learn about population changes
Birthrate: the annual number of births per 1,000 people
Death rate: the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people
Rate of natural increase: the birthrate – death rate = percentage of natural increase, the rate at which the population is changing at

17. Population growth rates differ from one place to another
In some countries, populations are growing very slowly or even shrinking
In most countries populations are growing
In countries with growing populations, governments face many challenges

18. Population Change
Migration: The process of moving from one place to live in another
A common cause of population change
Reasons people migrate
Some factors push people to leave their country
Some factors pull, or attract, people to a new country
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19. Population Trends
Earth’s population has exploded in the past 200 years
Better health care
Improved food production
Two important population trends
Population in some of the more industrialized nations has begun to slow
Less industrialized nations have high growth rates

20. Homework 2

21. Governments and Economy
Governments of the world include democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism
Governments:
Make and enforce laws
Regulate business and trade
Provide aid to people
Help shape the culture and economy of a country as well as the daily lives of people who live there

23. Governments
A democracy is a form of government in which the people elect leaders and rule by majority
Monarchy: ruled directly by a king or queen
One of the oldest types of government
In some, power is in the hands of just one person
In others, many democratic practices are used

24. Governments Dictatorship: A single powerful ruler has total control
Leader is called a dictator
Often rules by force
People have few rights and no say in their government
Example: Iraq under Saddam Hussein

25. Governments
Communism: a political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country
Leaders are chosen by the Communist party or Communist leaders
People have restricted rights and very little freedom
1948 anti-communist propaganda cartoon

26. Economy
Economy: A system that includes all of the activities that people and businesses do to earn a living
Countries use a mix of different economic activities and systems
Geographers divided economic activities into four levels

27. Economic Levels
Primary Industry: People earn a living by providing raw materials or natural resources to others
Examples include farming, fishing, mining

28. Economic Levels
Secondary Industry: Use natural resources or raw materials to manufacture other products
Example: automobile manufacturers use steel and other materials to build cars and trucks

29. Economic Levels Tertiary Industry: Goods and services are exchanged
Includes people who sell products made in secondary industries and people who provide services rather than goods, such as health care

30. Economic Levels
Quaternary Industry: Involves the research and distribution of information
People work with information rather than goods and often have specialized knowledge and skills

31. Teaching 7. website development Fruit canning 8. car manufacturing
Activity: Classify the following activities into one of the four categories mentioned below it.
Gold mining 6. fishing
Teaching website development
Fruit canning 8. car manufacturing
Soil conservation 9. electricity generation
Architecture building a school
Primary activities:
Secondary activities:
Tertiary activities:
Quaternary activities:
primary: 1, 6
Secondary: 3, 8, 9
Tertiary: 2, 4, 5, 10
Quaternary: 7

32. Economic Systems
Traditional Economy: System in which people grow their own food and make their own goods
Trade may take place through barter, or the exchange of goods without the use of money
Often found in rural and remote communities

33. Economic Systems
Market economy: system based on private ownership, free trade, and competition
Individuals and businesses are free to buy and sell what they wish
Prices determined by the supply and demand for goods
Sometimes called capitalism

34. Economic Systems
Command economy: system in which the central government makes all economic decisions
Government decides what goods to produce, how much to produce, and what prices will be
Communist governments own and control most businesses in their countries

35. Economic Indicators
Measures of a countries wealth used by geographers to decide if a country is developed or developing
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced within a country in a single year
Per capita GDP: Level of industrialization, and overall quality of life

36. Developed and Developing Countries
Developed countries have strong economies and a high quality of life; usually have high per capita GDP
Developing countries have less productive economies and a lower quality of life; usually have lower per capita GDP

37. Homework 3

38. Global Connections
Globalization: The process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade
Caused by improvements in transportation and communication over the last 100 years

40. Globalization
Popular culture: culture traits that are widely known and well accepted
Food, music, sports, movies
U.S. has a great influence on global popular culture and is also influenced by global culture

41. Globalization
Expansion of global trade has increase interdependence - the reliance of one country on the resources, goods, or services of another country-between countries
Many companies in one country often rely on goods or services produced in another country
Examples?

42. Globalization Because of globalization, the world seems smaller
Places are more connected
What happens in one part of the world can affect the whole planet
The world community works together to promote cooperation among countries in times of conflict and crisis.

43. A World Community
Countries often join together to settle conflicts such as wars, trade disputes, and political disagreements
The United Nations (UN) is an organization of the world’s countries that promotes peace and security around the globe.

44. A World Community
A world community promotes cooperation in times of crisis such as earthquakes, floods, and droughts
Groups from many nations often come together to provide humanitarian aid, or assistance to people in distress
Organizations representing countries from around the globe work to help in times of crisis