1. Usefulness of Explanations
Inclusive provide reasonable explanation for all behavior
Verifiable scientifically tested
Predictive utility predict likelihood of peoples’ behavior occurring under certain circumstances
Parsimonious least complicated explanation that accounts for peoples’ behaviors

2. Biophysical Explanations
Technologies have been developed for preventing some problems such as PKU.
Some biophysical explanations are testable such as Down syndrome.
Mistake in logic—affirming the consequent—to explain biophysical connection to behavior.
Biophysical explanations have little instructional and management utility.

3. Psychodynamic Model Intrapsychic components
Psychosexual stages of development
Ego defense mechanisms

4. Intrapsychic Components
Id: Biological component
Ego: Cognitive component
Superego: Social conscious component

5. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage

6. Respondent Conditioning
First-Order Conditioning
Second-Order Conditioning

7. Interventions Based on Respondent Conditioning
Systematic Desensitization
Aversion Therapy
Covert Sensitization

8. Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning deals with learned behaviors.
Skinner box.
Sometimes called instrumental conditioning since the organism’s behavior is instrument in its receiving reinforcement.

9. Social Learning Theory
Children learn behaviors by observing others.
Behaviors under control of cognitive factors—specifically expectations.
Efficacy and outcome expectations.
Vicarious reinforcement and punishment.

10. Ecological/Sociological Model

11. Basic Tenents
Adaptation
Assimilation
Expulsion
Succession

12. All labels are not created equally.
Alien Niches
Deviant categories provide society with place individuals can function without disturbing mainstream of society.
Labels of forgiveness
Labels of damnation
All labels are not created equally.