1. Animal & Plant Cells Eukaryotes CELL MEMBRANE RIBOSOMES CELL WALL
MITOCHONDRIA
VACUOLE
CHLOROPLAST
CELL WALL
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
Larger
More complex
Nucleus present
Plasmids
Prokaryotes
Strand of DNA
Flagella
Smaller
No nucleus
Bacteria

2. Sperm Cell DIFFERENTIATED CELLS Nerve Cell Muscle Cell Root hair Cell
Fertilises the female egg cell
Electrical impulses
Carries ………………………….. around the body
Adaptations
Long
Many connections at the ends
Adaptation
Head - ………………………………… and an ………………………. to help penetrate the egg cell membrane.
Middle section - …………………………….. for energy.
…………. – movement to the egg.
Genetic information
enzyme
Muscle Cell
mitochondria
Contract quickly
Adaptations
long
Contain lots of ……………………….
Tail
Root hair Cell
Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil
Adaptations
Long 'finger-like' structure gives a ………………………………..
mitochondria
Palisade Cell
Site of ………………………………
Adaptations
Contains …………………………… to absorb light energy
photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Large surface area

3. UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS – STEM CELLS
unspecialised
They are , hence they can become any type of cell. As the cells divide they become
differentiated
Stem cells can be used in new treatments for
Can be harvested from inside
There are social and ethical issues concerning the use of human embryonic stem cells.
paralysis
Embryos
Umbilical cords
Bone marrow

4. Cell division - Mitosis
Chromosomes
nucleus
DNA is found in the
nucleus
Each contains
chromosomes or pairs 46 23
gene
A section of DNA is called a ……
Cell division - Mitosis
Produces cells!
two
New cells are genetically
Mitosis is used for & to cells.
identical
growth
replace

5. Diffusion of …………………. from the alveoli in the lungs to the blood
Particles spread out
from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration.
villi
The finger like structures are called ……… which provide a ………… for faster rate of diffusion of nutrients into the blood.
Large surface area
oxygen
Diffusion of …………………. from the alveoli in the lungs to the blood

6. Osmosis Active transport
Doesn’t require energy
Movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane
Does require energy
Against the concentration gradient
Concentration of mineral ions is higher inside the root. This requires energy!
In the gut. If the concentration of Glucose is higher in the blood than the gut we need active transport to get the nutrients from the gut into the blood. This needs energy!

7. Measles, HIV, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Salmonella, Gonorrhoea
PATHOGEN is a microorganism that causes disease.
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protists
Reproduce rapidly
Make toxins
Very small
Examples of viral diseases:
Measles, HIV, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Reproduce inside cells
Damage your cells
Very very small
Reproduce using spores
Largest cell of these three.
Examples of bacterial diseases:
Salmonella, Gonorrhoea
Example of fungal disease:
Rose Black Spot
Example of protist disease:
Malaria
Single celled organisms.
Often use vectors.
Large and parasitic.

8. Engulf & ingest
Antibodies stick to pathogen
Anti toxins stick to toxins
White blood cells produce antibodies which match the shape of the antigen
White-blood cells can quickly produce antibodies next time you’re infected
Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected
Immunity is when your body can make the antibodies needed to kill a pathogen you’ve had before.
Vaccines

9. Antibiotics only work on Bacteria!
Not viruses!
Preventing Antibiotic Resistance
Don’t overuse antibiotics
Take specific antibiotics
Overuse leads to more bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.
Mutations create new strains which are difficult to treat!
Resistant bacteria survive & reproduce & cannot be treated!
Developing new drugs
Drugs tested to see if they are effective, safe & stable
Drug Trials
Research drug and make chemicals
Tested on tissues and cells
Tested on animals
Tested on healthy volunteers
Clinical trials on unhealthy patients
Thalidomide wasn't properly tested and caused limb deformities
A double blind trial is when neither the doctors or patients know which is the placebo drug.
A PLACEBO is a pill that contains no drug. This helps doctors see the real effect of a medicine.

10. Aerobic respiration + Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + 
6H20
( energy
Energy for:
Muscle contraction
Maintaining body temperature
Building new molecules (e.g. enzymes!), cells & tissues
Happens in:
Mitochondria
Folded for a bigger surface area
Metabolism:
The rate of all chemical reactions in the body
Examples include respiration, building up molecules and breaking down molecules

11. + + Anaerobic Respiration: not enough oxygen glucose lactic acid 
energy
Lactic acid stops muscles contracting efficiently
Oxygen Debt: the amount of oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid
oxygen
water
lactic acid
carbon dioxide + 
Yeast can produce.... +
glucose 
alcohol
Carbon dioxide
During exercise…
Muscle cells respire more than they do at rest.
Oxygen and glucose must be delivered more quickly
Waste carbon dioxide must be removed more quickly
This is achieved by increasing:
depth of breathing
rate of breathing
heart rate

12. The xylem carry water
The phloem carry dissolved sugars

13. Three factors limit the rate of photosynthesis
Light intensity
carbon dioxide
concentration
temperature
Enzymes
denature
Farmers can increase the rate of photosynthesis by:
artificial light
heating
adding carbon dioxide
What is the glucose used for?
Storage as starch, fats and oils
Cellulose to strengthen the cell wall
Protein synthesis (with nitrates in the soil)
Respiration to give energy

14. Receptors sensitive to
Central nervous system
– ………….. and ……………
Nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Sense organ
Receptors sensitive to
Skin
Tongue
Nose
Eyes
Ears
pressure, temperature
chemicals in food
chemicals in the air
light
sound and position
Conscious Actions
Reflex Actions
Peripheral nervous system - Neurones
s………….. neurone
m…………. neurone
r neurone
SRSRMER
Stimulus
Stimulus
sensory
Receptor
Receptor
motor
Sensory neurone
Sensory neurone
relay
Relay neurone
Brain & Spinal Cord/CNS
Motor neurone
Motor neurone
Effector (muscle/gland)
Effector (muscle/gland)
Response

15. Message is transmitted by chemicals called neurotransmitters
The message is an ………………
Chemical message called ………………………………
Chemicals ………………. through the ………………….
They bind to ………………………. on the next neurone.
It turns back to an ……………. impulse.
electrical message
How synapses work
neurotransmitters
diffuse
synapse
Your nerves are not joined directly to each other.
There are junctions between them called SYNAPSE.
receptors
electrical
Message is transmitted by chemicals called neurotransmitters
Message is in the form of an electrical impulse along the sensory neurone
Electrical impulse along relay neurone
Electrical impulse along motor neurone

16. Homeostasis: Keeping the conditions in the body the …………..
Same
WATER & SALT (ions)
TEMPERATURE
You lose water & salt in your urine & sweat
SUGAR
Kidneys control the amount of water & salt lost in urine
Sweating also reduces the water & salt in your body

17. Hormones and Menstrual cycle
Hormones travel in the blood.
Effects can be slow but are long lasting.
Hormone
Produced in...
Causes...
FSH
Pituitary Gland
Oestrogen
Ovaries LH
Egg to mature
Lining of the
womb to develop
Egg to leave ovary
IVF Treatment
…….. is used to mature eggs from ovaries
Eggs collected & fertilised with …………... in a petri dish.
………….. are inserted back inside the ……………
FSH
Contraception
sperms
Contains ……………... to stop the egg maturing.
oestrogen
Embryos
uterus