1. Classification of Matter
States of Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical and Chemical Changes 1 1

2. Classification of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
We can classify matter based on whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas. (later) 2 2

3. Classifying Matter by Composition
Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition.
composition includes:
types of particles
arrangement of the particles
attractions and attachments between the particles 3

4. 4

5. Classification of Matter by Composition
Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance.
made of a single type of atom or molecule
Because the composition of a pure substance is always the same, all samples have the same characteristics.
Matter whose composition may vary from one sample to another is called a mixture.
two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions
Because composition varies, different samples have different characteristics. 5 5

6. Classification of Matter by Composition
made of one type of particle
All samples show the same intensive properties.
made of multiple types of particles
Samples may show different intensive properties. 6 6

7. Classification of Pure SubstancesElements
Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements.
decomposed = broken down
basic building blocks of matter
composed of single type of atom
though those atoms may or may not be combined into molecules 7 7

8. Classification of Pure SubstancesCompounds
Substances that can be decomposed are called compounds.
chemical combinations of elements
composed of molecules that contain two or more different kinds of atoms
All molecules of a compound are identical, so all samples of a compound behave the same way.
Most natural pure substances are compounds. 8 8

9. Define Atoms- Extremely small building blocks of matter
All matter is composed of atoms
Atoms cannot be broken down into smaller pieces by chemical means
The smallest distinct units in a sample of matter
Elements are made up the same atoms.
Elements cannot be decomposed into other substances.

10. B. Pure Substances Element composed of identical atoms
EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

11. Define
Molecule – a combination of 2 0r more atoms (same or different) that are covalently bonded.
A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which exhibits the physical and chemical characteristics of the substance.
Diatomic molecules of elements :
H2 O2 Cl2 N2 F2 Br2 I2

12. Define
Compounds a compound of 2 or more different elements bonded together in a fixed proportion.
H2O CO2
CaSO4 HBR
Na2O KOH
H2 CO3
Molecules

13. B. Pure Substances Compound
composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
properties differ from those of individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl)

14. Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
B. Pure Substances
For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.

15. Compounds
Slight differences in combinations of atoms can have large difference in properties
H2O- water,
H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide
C2 H6O – ethanol, drinkable
C2 H6O2 – ethylene glycol, poisonous

16. Compounds Law of Definite Composition Law of Multiple Proportions
A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.

17. Pure Substances Compounds Elements
Same kind of particles throughout
Compounds
Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes, always in a definite ration
Elements
cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes

18. Mixture
Mixtures are two or more substance that are not chemically combined.
Mixtures do not have a fixed composition
Mixtures do not have constant boiling points or melting points
Variable composition
Components retain their characteristic properties

19. Mixture May be separated into pure substances by physical methods
Mixtures of different compositions may have widely different properties.

20. Pure Substances and Mixtures

21. Classification of Pure Substances
made of one type of atom (some elements found as multi-atom molecules in nature)
combine together to make compounds
made of one type of molecule, or array of ions
units contain two or more different kinds of atoms 21 21

22. Classification of Mixtures
homogeneous = mixture that has uniform composition throughout
Every piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though another sample with the same components may have different characteristics.
atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
heterogeneous = mixture that does not have uniform composition throughout
contains regions within the sample with different characteristics
atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly 22 22

23. Classification of Mixtures
made of multiple substances, whose presence can be seen
Portions of a sample have different composition and properties.
made of multiple substances, but appears to be one substance
All portions of an individual sample have the same composition and properties. 23 23

24. Changes in Matter
Changes that alter the state or appearance of the matter without altering the composition are called physical changes.
Changes that alter the composition of the matter are called chemical changes.
During the chemical change, the atoms that are present rearrange into new molecules, but all of the original atoms are still present. 24 24

25. Physical Changes in Matter
The boiling of water is a physical change. The water molecules are separated from each other, but their structure and composition do not change. 25 25

26. Chemical Changes in Matter
The rusting of iron is a chemical change. The iron atoms in the nail combine with oxygen atoms from O2 in the air to make a new substance, rust, with a different composition. 26 26

27. Properties of Matter
Physical properties are the characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition.
characteristics that are directly observable
Chemical properties are the characteristics that determine how the composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy.
characteristics that describe the behavior of matter 27 27

28. Common Physical Changes
processes that cause changes in the matter that do not change its composition
state changes
boiling/condensing
melting/freezing
subliming
CO2(s)
CO2(g)
Dry Ice
Subliming of Dry Ice
dissolving
Dissolving of Sugar
C12H22O11(s)
C12H22O11(aq) 28 28

29. Common Physical Changes
Dissolving of Sugar
C12H22O11(s)
C12H22O11(aq) 29 29

30. Common Chemical Changes
processes that cause changes in the matter that change its composition
rusting
processes that release lots of energy
burning
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) 30 30