1. Unit 1 Evolution of Computing
SD1230
Unit 1
Evolution of Computing

2. Objectives
During this unit, we will cover the following course objectives:
Describe the history and evolution of computing.
Identify the characteristics of desktop, Web, and mobile technology.

3. Learning Outcomes Completing this unit should help enable you to:
Describe the evolution of the computer and mobile computing and its economic and social impact.
Discuss the impact of key trends in mobile computing technologies.
Explain why standards are important.
Describe the primary elements in a computer’s architecture.
Explain how program data is organized in memory.
Explain how an operating system manages multiple processes.
Demonstrate how to launch, pause, and start the ITT Tech Lab virtual machine.
Describe how running a virtual machine impacts available resources.

4. Share Computing Experiences
What types of devices have you used?
Tablet PC
iPhone
Macintosh
Android
Windows Phone

5. History of the Computer 19th century
Tables used for calculation by “human computers”
Charles Babbage
The Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
Charles Boole
Symbolic logic system
Herman Hollerith
Device to calculate the census data
Used punched card for input
Hollerith card
Source: Dilligan, R. J. (1998). Computing in the Web age: A Web-interactive introduction. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

6. History of the Computer Early 20th century
1925 – Vannevar Bush
Differential analyzer
1930s – Universal Turing Machine
Konrad Zuse
Developed the Z-1 computer in 1935
Later developed the Z-2, Z-3, and Z-4
First programming language
1945 – The first “bug” was identified

7. History of the Computer Mid 20th century
ENIAC
Weighed 30 tons
Consumed 160 kw of power
EDVAC
Von Neumann architecture
Disk drives
1960s
Mainframe computers

8. History of the Computer Programming Language Evolution
1949 – Short Code was introduced
1954 – IBM began developing FORTRAN
1958 – FORTRAN II, ALGOL, LISP
1959 – COBOL
1968 – Pascal
1970 – Smalltalk and B-language
1972 – C
1975 – TinyBASIC

9. History of the Computer The World Wide Web
First developed in 1969 as ARPANET
SGML
DTD
1983 – Adoption of TCP/IP as the Internet standard protocol
1989 – Timothy Berners-Lee developed HTML

10. SGML Example

11. History of Computing Company Networks
Apple LocalTalk
Server-based network

12. History of Mobile Phones
The Brick Era
Source: Fling, B. (2009). Mobile design and development: Practical techniques for creating mobile sites and Web apps. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, Inc.

13. History of Mobile Phones
The Candy Bar Era

14. History of Mobile Phones
The Feature Phone Era

15. History of Mobile Phones
2002 to Present
The Smart Phone Era

16. History of Mobile Phones
Now
The Touch Era
Source:

17. What a Program Does
Add
Multiply
Compare
Input
Output

18. Input Input comes from many places: Keyboard Mouse Microphone Files
Databases
Other software

19. Processing
Processing can include:
Mathematic operations
Comparisons

20. Output Output can be to the: Screen File Database Printer
Other software

21. How a Computer Processes Information
A processor is an electronic device that can only understand 2 states: On
Off
The On state is represented by a 1.
The Off state is represented by a 0.

22. Bits and Bytes
0111
Bit
Nibble
Byte

23. Bytes
A byte can have a value between 0 and 255
255

24. Some Decimal-to-Binary Conversions Counting Up1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Decimal
Binary 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

25. Some Decimal-to-Binary Conversions Counting Down
255
254
253
252
251
250
249
248
247
246
245
Decimal
Binary
244
243
242
241
240
239
238
237
236
235
234

26. Bitwise Operations AND OR NOT Input A Input B Operation output AND 1
AND 1 OR
NOT

27. Adding in Binary
carry 1 1
+ 0 01
+ 01 1 10

28. Adding in Binary A larger number
carry 1 5
+ 4
101
+ 100 9
1001

29. Adding in Binary A larger number
carry 1 1 7
+ 6
0111 13
1101

30. Hexadecimal
To make binary numbers easier to read, they are often converted to hexadecimal.
Hexadecimal is also called Base-16.
Numbers are represented by letters.
A hexadecimal number is preceded by a 0x.
Decimal
Hexadecimal 10 A 11 B 12 C 13 D 14 E 15 F

31. Some Hexadecimal Numbers
0 + 0
0x00 1
0 + 1
0x01 2
0 + 2
0x02 10
0 + 10
0x0A 11
0 + 11
0x0B 12
0 + 12
0x0C 13
0 + 13
0x0D 14
0 + 14
0x0E 15
0 + 15
0x0F 16
16 + 0
0x10 17
16 + 1
0x11
Decimal
Hexadecimal 18
16 + 2
0x12 19
16 + 3
0x13 20
16 + 4
0x14 21
16 + 5
0x15 22
16 + 6
0x16 23
16 + 7
0x17 24
16 + 8
0x18 25
16 + 9
0x19 26
0x1A 27
0x1B 17
0x1C

32. Memory Addresses Data and instructions are stored in memory.
Specific blocks of data or instructions are accessed using a memory address.
Memory addresses typically are represented in hexadecimal.

33. Summary In this unit, we covered the following topics:
The history of computing
The history of mobile phones
The input-process-output model
The binary number system
The hexadecimal number system
How computers use memory