1. Cancer
unchecked growth that progresses toward limitless expansion

2. Some common carcinomas:
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Some common carcinomas:
Lung
Breast (women)
Colon
Bladder
Prostate (men)
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Some common sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle

3. Cancer Prefixes Point to Location
Prefix Meaning
adeno- gland
chondro- cartilage
erythro- red blood cell
hemangio- blood vessels
hepato- liver
lipo- fat
lympho- lymphocyte
melano- pigment cell
myelo- bone marrow
myo- muscle
osteo- bone

7. Metastasis

8. Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia)
Normal
Hyperplasia
Mild dysplasia
Normal
Hyperplasia
Mild dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia)
Cancer (invasive)

11. Screening

12. Biopsy

13. Grading & Staging
General Relationship Between Tumor Grade and Prognosis
Five-Year Survival Rates for Patients with Melanoma (by stage)
100%
100%
Low grade
Patient
Survival
Rate
50%
High grade I II
III 1 2 3 4 5
Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis
Years

14. 20-Year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer
Cigarettes
Smoked per Person per Year
Cigarette consumption (men)
Lung Cancer Deaths (per 100,000 people)
4000
3000
2000
1000
150
100 50
Lung cancer (men)
Cancer Risk and Aging
400
300
200
100
Colon
Breast
Year
Number of Cancer Cases
(per 100,000 people)
Age of Person (in years)

15. Some viruses or bacteria
Etiology
Some viruses or bacteria
Some chemicals
Radiation
Heredity
Diet
Hormones

16. Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers

17. AIDS and Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Without
disease
HIV infection
Depressed
immune
system
KSHV infection
Kaposi’s
sarcoma

18. Heredity Can Affect Many Types of Cancer

19. Proto-oncogene / Oncogene

20. Tumor suppressor gene

22. DNA repair gene Normal DNA repair Base pair mismatch No cancer Cancer
No DNA repair

23. Mutations and Cancer

24. Carcinogen

25. Take home message Difference between normal and cancer cell
Carcinogenic mutation: proto-oncogene, oncogene, tumor suppressor gene