1. Sherlock Bones® Power Point Presentation
Created by
Anthony & Patricia Bertino
Designed for use with
Ward’s Kit

2. At birth, you have approximately 450 bones which fuse at different times and rates to produce 206 adult bones

3. Background: The following bones were found in the woods
Skull
Femur
Humerus
Pelvis

4. Your assignment: Determine as much as you can about the remains that were found

5. Let’s reorganize the laboratory pages
Remove staple from lab pages
Re-staple pages 1-11 as a packet (directions)
Re-staple pages as a packet (data table)
Re-staple pages as a packet (reference pictures)
Page 20 – list of all labeled bone regions ( leave separate for quick reference to labeled parts)
Color coding of pages is also helpful

7. Another suggestion:
Use the terms from page 20 to immediately label pages 22, 24, 29 and 30. You will save yourself time and confusion.

8. Measure Using a Vernier caliper
Choose either the outside or inside scale
Measurements will be to 1/10 of a mm
Values are read with reference to the ‘zero’ mark. The zero mark represents the number of mm.
Tenths of a mm. are read from the inside or outside scale where the sliding scale and permanent scale marks are aligned.
See examples that follow.

9. Caliper Scales

10. Use the inside scale to determine the size of an opening.

11. Examples using the outside scale
Femur head

12. 16 mm+

13. No match
Match!
22 mm+
22.8 mm
.8 read on upper scale

14. Outside
measurement
Lines match
7 mm+
7.8mm

15. 32.7 mm

16. 45.6 mm
Record the inside measurement

17. 45.9 mm

18. In the frames that follow:
Diagram references are shown in red
Page references are shown in black

19. Determination of Sex using the skull
Is the upper edge of the eye orbit ‘rounded’ or ‘sharp’?
Yellow Steps 1 & 2
Check the edge with your finger
Figure 13 number 13

21. Figure 14 number 15
Zygomatic process
Yellow Step 3

22. External auditory meatus
Figure 14 number 16
Yellow Step 3
External auditory meatus

23. Nuchal Crest Smooth – female Bumpy - male Yellow Step 4
Figure 15 number 18

24. External occipital bone with protuberance
Figure 15 number 19
Yellow Step 5
External occipital bone with protuberance

25. External occipital protuberance
Yellow Step 5
External occipital protuberance
Figure 15 number 19

26. Frontal lobe – Low slanting or rounded & globular?
Yellow Step 6
Figure 14 number 20

27. Male and Female
Notice the slope of frontal bone is more pronounced on the male skull (Figure 10) than the female skull (Figure 12).
Yellow Step 6

28. Mandible - lower jaw
Yellow Step 7
Figure 14 number 22

29. Maxilla or upper jaw

30. Mandible – inferior view U or V shaped?
Figure 15 number 21
Mandible – inferior view
U or V shaped?
Yellow Step 7

31. Yellow Step 8
Figure 14, number 22
Ramus of mandible

32. Angle of the jaw Figure 14 number 16 number 22 Yellow Step 8
Is the jaw slanting away from the upright or straight?

33. Race determination using measurements
Blue, step 1

34. Figure 13 number 24
Blue, number 1
Naison – bridge of nose

35. Measuring nasal width from inside nasal cavity
Figure 13 number 23
Measuring nasal width from
inside nasal cavity
Blue, step 1

36. Nasal Height-naison to nasal spine measured with caliper.
Blue, step 1
Figure 13 number 24
Figure 13 number 25

37. Nasal Index
Ratio:
Width/ Height

38. Three races Figures 22, 23, 24
Caucasoid Negroid Mongoloid

39. Nasal spine Nasal Cavity Blue, step 3 Figure 14 number 25
Figure 13 number 27 maxilla
Blue, step 3

40. Nasal Cavity Silling? Guttering? Smooth? Blue, step 4
Figure 13 numbers 25 & 26

41. Nasal spine is prominent in caucasoids.

42. Eye socket parallel to ground
Frankfort position
Eye socket parallel to ground
Blue, section 5

43. Variations of Prognathism: Figures
17,19,21
Blue, step 5

44. Shape of orbits
Eye orbits or
Figure 13, number 13
Blue, step 6

45. Male or female skull?
Notice the slope of the frontal bone.
Angle of the jaw?
What race?
What do you think?

46. Some Criteria for Racial Determination from the Human Skull
CAUCASOID NEGROID MONGOLOID
Cheek bones receding broad, wide outwardly sloping
Nasal opening narrow & high wide & low narrow & high
Nasal spine strong small
Criteria taken from Skinner, M and R.A. Lazenby 1983 Found! Human Remains, A Field Manual for the Recovery of the Recent Human Skeleton.  Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.

47. Prognathism
Caucasoid Negroid Mongoloid
Little or none Prognathism Little or none
Moderate nasal spine No nasal spine Moderate n.s.
Overbite & dental crowding Less overbite

48. Criteria for Racial Determination from the Human Skull
CAUCASOID NEGROID MONGOLOID
Shape: Rugged & oval Smooth & oval Smooth & rounded
Cranial Vault Length long long long
Cranial Vault Breadth narrow narrow broad
Height high low middle
Forehead sloping steep
Face:
Breadth narrow narrow very wide 
Height high low high 
Profile straight prognathic middle
Brow "beetling“ smooth  
Orbit (Eye Sockets) triangular rectangular rounded 
Criteria taken from Skinner, M and R.A. Lazenby 1983 Found! Human Remains, A Field Manual for the Recovery of the Recent Human Skeleton.  Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.

49. Websites of Interests

50. You’ve done it! You have finished your SKULL observations!
Congratulations
You’ve done it!
You have finished your
SKULL observations!