1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Agre and cells in the news

3. Cells
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic

4. Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell

5. Cell theory (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”

6. Principles of Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
All cells arise from preexisting cells
(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)

7. Cell Size

8. Characteristics of All Cells
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles – structures for cell function
Control center with DNA

9. Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

10. Prokaryotic Cells First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

11. Prokaryotic Cells No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes

12. Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles
Protozoan

13. Representative Animal Cell

14. Representative Plant Cell

15. Organelles
Tiny cell structures that are specialized parts of a cell that have specific functions – a cell “organ.”

16. Cell
Functions

17. Plant Cell

18. Animal Cell

19. CELL MEMBRANE
– “gate keeper”
outer boundary (or layer) of the cell
controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

20. Cell Parts and Functions
Cell Membrane
Protects the cell
Lets things in and out of the cell
Location: around the cell

22. Common features of all cells
1. Cell Membrane – selectively/differentially permeable (lets some things in and out)

23. CELL WALL
found in plant cells
tough rigid boundary – made of cellulose
gives cells their shape (it also provides protection, as well as support)

24. Cell Wall Differences Plants – mostly cellulose
Surrounds plasma membrane

25. CYTOPLASM
– “cell fluid”
a gel-like material inside the cell
Many cellular activities occur here and where the organelles are contained

26. Cytoplasm Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol
Organelles (not nucleus)
storage substances

27. Cell Parts and Functions
Cytoplasm
Gel-like substances, holds all Organelles in cell
Location: in cell

28. NUCLEUS controls cell processes
– “brain of the cell”
controls cell processes
Contains DNA or chromosomes - the heredity material or genetic blueprint of the cell

29. Nucleus Control center of cell Double membrane Contains Chromosomes
Nucleolus

30. DNA Hereditary material Chromosomes Chromatin DNA Protiens
Form for cell division
Chromatin

31. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
– materials pass in and out through tiny holes called porins

32. Cell Parts and Functions
Nuclear Membrane
Protects nucleus
Lets things in/out of
nucleus (pores)
Location: around
nucleus
cell

33. NUCLEOLUS
– ribosomes are made here

34. Cell Parts and Functions
Nucleolus (Nucleoli)
Makes ribosomes
Location: inside
the nucleus
(dark spot)
cell

35. Nucleolus Most cells have 2 or more Directs synthesis of RNA
Forms ribosomes

36. CHLOROPLASTS found only in plant cells
– “energy processing organelles”
found only in plant cells
place where food is made for plant cells

37. Chloroplasts Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
Solar energy capturing organelle

38. Cell Structures and Functions
Chloroplast
Traps suns energy and Makes food
Location: in plant cells

39. MITOCHONDRIA
– “powerhouse”
converts food (glucose) to energy (ATP)

40. Cell Parts and Functions
Mitochondria
Makes energy/
powerhouse
Location: in
cytoplasm

41. Mitochondria Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP

42. RIBOSOMES – “protein factories”
place where protein is made in the cells
some are attached –
some float in the
cytoplasm

43. Cell Parts and Functions
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Location:
in cytoplasm or
Attached to
E.R.

45. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
– “conveyer belt”
transports synthesized proteins throughout the cell

46. Cell Parts and Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell
Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes)
Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane
Rough E.R.

47. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture protiens
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify proteins from ribosomes

49. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids

51. GOLGI BODIES
sort, modify, process, and ship the proteins through the cell
(Also known
As GOLGI
Apparatus)

53. Golgi Apparatus Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Packaging & shipping station of cell

54. Cell Parts and Functions
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
Packages and secretes
(gets rid of) waste
Location: in
cytoplasm

55. GOLGI APPARATUS

56. VACUOLES store water, sugar, salts, nutrients, & wastes in cells
– “storage”
store water, sugar, salts, nutrients, & wastes in cells
maintains the proper pressure to provide structure
and support in
plant cells

57. Vacuoles Membrane bound storage sacs
More common in plants than animals
Contents
Water
Food
wastes

58. Cell Parts and Functions
Vacuole
Stores food and water
Location: in cytoplasm

59. Vacuole

60. LYSOSOMES
contain chemicals that break down waste materials.

61. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Functions Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders

62. Cell Parts and Functions
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes
Destroys bacteria, old cell parts…
Location: in cytoplasm