1. Approach, Methods, Techniques

2. Theodor Rogers, Jack Richards
Proposed a reformation of the concept of method
Method = their method is more referred to “methodology“
= a generalized set of classroom specifications for accomplishing linguistic objectives.
The subordinate themes are: approach, design, procedures

3. Edward Anthony
There are three hierarchical elements – approach, method, technique
Approach = set of assumptions dealing with the nature of language, learning and teaching
Method = an overall plan for systematic presentation of language based upon a selected approach
Techniques = the specific activities manifested in the classroom that are consistent with a method and therefore in harmony with an approach as well

4. Richards and Rogers:
Elements and sub-elements of method
Approach
1. theory of native language
2. a theory of the nature of language learning

5. Design 1. the general and the specific objectives 2. syllabus
Richards and Rogers (continuation)
Design
1. the general and the specific objectives
2. syllabus
3. types of learning and teaching activities
4. learner´s role
5. teacher´s role
6. the role of instrumental materials

6. Richards and Rogers (continuation)
Procedure
classroom techniques and procedures and behaviours observed when the method is used

7. Definitions that reflect current usage:
Methodology = the study of pedagogical practices in general (how to teach)

8. Definitions (continuation):
Approach = theoretical positions and beliefs about the nature of language, the nature of language learning

9. Definitions (continuation)
Method = a generalized set of classroom specifications for accomplishing linguistic objectives

10. Syllabus = design for carrying out a particular language program
Definitions (continuation):
Syllabus = design for carrying out a particular language program

11. Definitions (continuation):
Technique = any of a wide variety of exercises, activities or devices used in the language classroom for realising lesson objectives

12. Repka´s model Approach Planning Programming – syllabus
(specification of objective)
Method
Operation
Selection of tasks – dynamization of techniques

13. Stern – 3 theories 1. Theory of teaching foreign language
2. Approaches and methods
3. Proved hypotheses concerning approaches and methods

14. TECHNIQUE
Any of a wide variety of exercises, activities, or devices used in the language classroom for realizing lesson objectives
Technique is also referred to a task, procedure, activity and exercise

15. ACTIVITY
Anything that learners actually do in the classroom
Some sort of performance on the part of learners

16. PROCEDURE
The actual moment – to moment techniques, practices and behaviours that operate in teaching language
Includes techniques

17. Categorizing techniques
1. From manipulation to communication
◊ manipulative = totally controlled by the teacher and require a predicted response from the students (choral repetition, drills, dictation and reading aloud)
◊ communicative = students´ responses are open-ended and unpredictable (story-telling, brainstorming, role – plays, games)

18. Categorizing techniques (continuation)
Drill
a) mechanical drill
- only one correct response from a student
- no connection with the reality
b) meaningful drill
- may have a predicted response, but is connected to some form of reality
c) quasi-communicative practice
- if the exercise is communicative it is no longer a drill

19. 2. Controlled to free techniques
Controlled Free
teacher centered student centered
manipulative communicative
structured open-ended
predicted responses unpredicted responses
pre-planned objectives negotiated objectives

20. Taxonomy of techniques
Controlled techniques
warm up
setting
organizational
content explanation
role-play demonstration
reading aloud
question-answer, display

21. Taxonomy of techniques
Controlled techniques
drill
translation
dictation
copying
identification
review
testing

22. Semi controlled techniques
Brainstorming
Story-telling
Dialogue
Narration
Information transfer
Information exchange
Wrap up
Preparation

23. Free techniques Role play Games Report Problem solving Drama
Simulation
Interview
Discussion
Composition

24. Supporting materials Textbooks
Selecting a textbook is a complex task, different things must be taken into consideration:
a) goals of the course
b) background of students (age, education, native language, motivation)
c) approach

25. d) language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing)
Supporting materials (continuation)
d) language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing)
e) general content (proficiency level, authenticity)
f) quality of practice material (exercises, explanation, review)
g) sequencing

26. Supporting materials (continuation)
h) vocabulary
i) sociolinguistic factors (variety of English, cultural content)
j) format
k) supplementary material (workbook, tapes, tests, posters)
l) teacher´s guide (answer keys, alternative exercises)

27. Other written texts
among other written texts available for use is an unlimited supply of real-world textual material such as signs, schedules, calendars, advertisements, menus, notes...

28. Audio-visual aids
1.Commercially produced
a) audio cassettes with listening, lectures, and stories exercises
b) video tape and films: documentation and instruction
c) slides, photographs, posters
2.Creative your own
a) tapes of conversations of people known to the students
b) posters, charts, magazine pictures

29. 3. Realia
Objects – food items, cosmetics, tools and other materials
Computer assisted language learning (CALL)
tutorial programs (covering grammar, vocabulary, revising, editing)
text building programs
process writing (drafting, revising, editing)
games
testing

30. Thank You for Your Attention.