1. The Spanish-American War
April August 12, 1898

2. Causes of War Cuban independence Under Spanish rule
Rebellion b/c of lack of reforms (1895) under leadership of Jose Marti (had been exiled to US. With others who planned and trained Cuban troops before war)
Americans were sympathetic to Cuban independence and wanted to protect their SUGAR interests

3. General Weyler Y Nicolau
To quell rebellion, Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler Y Nicolau (the Butcher)
Got name in Ten Years War ( ) b/c of ruthless suppression.
Rounded up peasants and put into concentration camps! Thousands died of starvation and disease.

4. Response to Weyler
Brutality of Weyler angered Americans and the press sensationalized the stories of atrocities
Weyler was recalled by the Spanish Government.

5. The media supported this idea
Causes of War
Imperialism
Manifest Destiny – United States had the right to expand its territory.
The media supported this idea

6. The Media
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer promoted manifest destiny and war.
Published sensational stories (mostly lies) about Cuba calling for the U.S. to take the Cuban side. – Yellow Journalism

7. CALLS FOR WAR Pres. McKinley didn’t want to intervene
1897 asked Spanish if US could help negotiate to end conflict, if not solved US would intervene

8. The USS Maine Sent to Havana to protect U.S. citizens in Cuba.
Underwater explosion (Feb ) destroyed Maine and killed 266 soldiers.
Papers blamed the Spanish and the national battle cry became – “Remember the Maine!”

9. The USS Maine

10. Declaration of War
Even though Spain had agreed to a peace plan President McKinley asked Congress to grant the U.S. permission to intervene in Cuba.
He said it was “in the name of humanity.”
April Congress recognized Cuba’s independence and agreed to send U.S. Military to secure it.

11. Fighting in Cuba The Caribbean Theater
U.S was unprepared for war in Cuba. (Army worse than Navy)
Soldiers had little training and bad/no supplies. (wool uniforms…)
Conditions unsanitary and more killed by disease not fighting

12. Blockade of Cuba
Needed to cut supplies off from Spain. Then Spain could not maintain itself.
Spanish Navy had to be destroyed

13. Santiago Aim was to take the area north of Santiago.
This would allow the U.S. to aim guns down on the Spanish.
Had to capture El Caney and San Juan Hill
El Caney was taken with one U.S. division (Video Clip)

14. San Juan Hill
Theodore Roosevelt led a Calvary unit known as the Rough Riders (about 1,000 men) volunteers
The men had to charge Kettle Hill to San Juan hill and flanked the Spanish fortification.
They had to do this on foot b/c their horses had not been shipped to Cuba.

15. Roosevelt called the day of the battle – the greatest day of his life.

16. Rough Riders on San Juan Hill

17. The Philippines The Pacific Theater
The Philippines was a Spanish colony and the U.S. had to wipe out naval bases on this Island as well as Cuba
Roosevelt cabled Commodore George Dewey to attack the Philippines if the U.S. went to war.
On May , Dewey’s fleet sailed into Manila Bay, and destroyed the Spanish fleet within hours.

18. Battle of Manila Bay

19. A Filipino rebellion against the Spanish had been in progress when Dewey landed in Manila.
Dewey used the rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo to help him defeat the Spanish on land

20. Emilio Aguinaldo

21. Defeat and Peace Treaty
The Spanish surrendered in the Philippines on August and in Cuba on July 17, 1898.
Peace treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 in Paris

22. Cuba Conditions of Peace
Spain leaves Cuba under temporary U.S. control.
U.S. could not take over Cuba b/c of Teller Amendment, which in order for the U.S. to declare war it was prevented from taking over Cuba
McKinley took steps to keep Cuba in US control

23. Cuba Conditions of Peace
Platt Amendment (Orville Platt)
Cuba could not make any treaty with another nation that would weaken its independence
Cuba had to allow the US to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba
Cuba’s debts had to be low
US had right to intervene and protect Cuba independence
Spain ceded Puerto Rico, and Guam to the U.S.

24. PUERTO RICO How to govern Puerto Rico?
1900 congress passed Foraker act
Puerto Rico have small elected gov’t but governor and executive council appoint. By US pres. Who had final say in everything (protectorate)
Puerto Rican’s not Amer. Citizens (supreme court rule) so not same rights as citizens
Later 1917 granted them American citizenship and more political freedom/control

25. Results of War Ended Spain’s colonial Empire
The U.S. emerged as a world power and a military power
U.S. established rule in the Philippines
5400 American soldiers died
400 in battle
And the rest from disease and food poisoning

26. Conditions of Peace
Spain gave up the Philippines in return for a U.S. payment of $20 million.

27. The Philippines
Debate on annexation of the Philippines
For annexation: Filipinos were not ready for self-government and if the U.S. did not help some other European country would.
Against annexation: region was not vital to U.S. interests and was against principles of democracy

28. U.S. maintained military presence in the Philippines
Tensions intensified with U.S. troops and Filipino rebels
War with Filipino rebels lasted more than 2 years – very bloody
Filipino troops used guerrilla warfare to battle the U.S.

29. Results of Filipino insurrection
200, ,000 Filipinos died (most b/c of disease and famine)
Fewer than 5,000 U.S. soldiers died.
Revolt was subdued in 1901 when rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo, swore allegiance to the U.S.
Philippines gained independence from the U.S. in 1946 (July 4)

30. Sites http://www.spanam.simplenet.com/